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Fundamentals
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Liver and Gallbladder Disorders
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Sections
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Patients & Caregivers
Blood Disorders
Bone, Joint, and Muscle Disorders
Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerve Disorders
Cancer
Children's Health Issues
Digestive Disorders
Disorders of Nutrition
Drugs
Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders
Eye Disorders
Fundamentals
Heart and Blood Vessel Disorders
Hormonal and Metabolic Disorders
Immune Disorders
Infections
Injuries and Poisoning
Kidney and Urinary Tract Disorders
Liver and Gallbladder Disorders
Lung and Airway Disorders
Men's Health Issues
Mental Health Disorders
Mouth and Dental Disorders
Older People's Health Issues
Skin Disorders
Special Subjects
Women's Health Issues
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Patients & Caregivers
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Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerve Disorders
Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerve Disorders
Biology of the Nervous System
Overview of the Nervous System
Brain
Spinal Cord
Nerves
Effects of Aging on the Nervous System
Diagnosis of Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerve Disorders
Introduction
Medical History
Physical Examination
Tests for Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerve Disorders
Spinal Tap
Echoencephalography
Myelography
Electroencephalography
Evoked Responses
Electromyography and Nerve Conduction Studies
Pain
Overview of Pain
Types of Pain
Neuropathic Pain
Nociceptive Pain
Psychogenic Pain
Evaluation of Pain
Treatment of Pain
Opioid Analgesics
Nonopioid Analgesics
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
Ibuprofen, Ketoprofen, and Naproxen
Acetaminophen
Adjuvant Analgesics
Nondrug Pain Treatments
Headaches
Overview of Headache
Causes
Diagnosis
Tension-Type Headaches
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Migraines
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Prevention
Treatment
Cluster Headaches
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Low-Pressure Headache
Diagnosis
Treatment
Dizziness and Vertigo
Introduction
Dizziness
Causes
Diagnosis
Treatment
Vertigo
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Prevention and Treatment
Motion Sickness
Symptoms and Diagnosis
Prevention and Treatment
Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (Benign Positional Vertigo)
Diagnosis
Treatment
Sleep Disorders
Overview of Sleep and Sleep Disorders
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Snoring
Insomnia
Symptoms and Diagnosis
Treatment
Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Hypersomnia and Excessive Daytime Sleepiness
Diagnosis
Treatment
Narcolepsy
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Periodic Limb Movement Disorder and Restless Legs Syndrome
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Parasomnias
Sleep Disorders in Dementia
Brain Dysfunction
Overview of Brain Dysfunction
Brain Dysfunction by Location
Specific Types of Brain Dysfunction
Aphasia
Treatment
Dysarthria
Apraxia
Agnosia
Amnesia
Delirium and Dementia
Overview of Delirium and Dementia
Delirium
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Dementia
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Alzheimer's Disease
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Vascular Dementia
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Lewy Body Dementia
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Frontotemporal Dementia
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Normal-Pressure Hydrocephalus
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Other Dementias
Stupor and Coma
Stupor and Coma
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Seizure Disorders
Seizure Disorders
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Stroke (CVA)
Overview of Stroke
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Prevention
Treatment
End-of-Life Issues
Transient Ischemic Attacks
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Ischemic Stroke
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Hemorrhagic Stroke
Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Tumors of the Nervous System
Introduction
Brain Tumors
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Spinal Cord Tumors
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Radiation Damage
Brain Infections
Central Nervous System Infections
Rabies
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Encephalitis
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Abscess of the Brain
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Subdural Empyema
Diagnosis and Treatment
Parasitic Brain Infections
Meningitis
Definition of Meningitis
Acute Bacterial Meningitis
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Chronic Meningitis
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Aseptic Meningitis
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prion Diseases
Overview of Prion Diseases
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)
Symptoms
Diagnosis and Treatment
Fatal Familial Insomnia
Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker Disease
Kuru
Movement Disorders
Overview of Movement Disorders
Myoclonus
Symptoms
Diagnosis and Treatment
Tremor
Types of Abnormal Tremors
Diagnosis
Treatment
Parkinson's Disease
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Parkinsonism
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Progressive Supranuclear Palsy
Multiple System Atrophy
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Tics
Symptoms
Treatment
Tourette's Syndrome
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Chorea, Athetosis, and Hemiballismus
Symptoms
Treatment
Huntington's Disease
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Dystonia
Causes
Types and Symptoms
Treatment
Coordination Disorders
Symptoms
Diagnosis and Treatment
Fragile X–Associated Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome
Symptoms
Diagnosis and Treatment
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and Related Disorders
Overview of Demyelinating Disorders
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Other Primary Demyelinating Diseases
Spinal Cord Disorders
Overview of Spinal Cord Disorders
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Injuries of the Spinal Cord and Vertebrae
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Compression of the Spinal Cord
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Cervical Spondylosis
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Syrinx
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Hereditary Spastic Paraparesis
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Acute Transverse Myelitis
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Blockage of the Spinal Cord's Blood Supply
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Subacute Combined Degeneration
Symptoms
Diagnosis and Treatment
Tropical Spastic Paraparesis/HTLV-1–Associated Myelopathy
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Peripheral Nerve Disorders
Overview of the Peripheral Nervous System
Muscle Stimulation Disorders
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Neuromuscular Junction Disorders
Myasthenia Gravis
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Botulism
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Prevention
Treatment
Eaton-Lambert Syndrome
Plexus Disorders
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Thoracic Outlet Syndromes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Mononeuropathy
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Multiple Mononeuropathy
Polyneuropathy
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Guillain-Barré Syndrome
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy
Diagnosis and Treatment
Hereditary Neuropathies
Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease
Symptoms
Diagnosis and Treatment
Hereditary Neuropathy With Liability to Pressure Palsies
Spinal Muscular Atrophies
Symptoms
Diagnosis and Treatment
Cranial Nerve Disorders
Overview of the Cranial Nerves
Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia
Conjugate Gaze Palsies
Palsies of Cranial Nerves That Control Eye Movement
Third Cranial Nerve (Oculomotor Nerve) Palsy
Symptoms
Diagnosis and Treatment
Fourth Cranial Nerve (Trochlear Nerve) Palsy
Sixth Cranial Nerve (Abducens Nerve) Palsy
Symptoms
Diagnosis and Treatment
Trigeminal Neuralgia
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Bell's Palsy
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prognosis
Hemifacial Spasm
Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia
Symptoms
Diagnosis and Treatment
Hypoglossal Nerve Disorders
Autonomic Nervous System Disorders
Overview of the Autonomic Nervous System
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Autonomic Neuropathies
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis and Treatment
Horner's Syndrome
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis and Treatment
Pure Autonomic Failure
Diagnosis and Treatment
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Figures
Photographs
Pronunciations
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Videos
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