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Multiple mononeuropathy (mononeuritis multiplex) is the simultaneous malfunction of two or more peripheral nerves in separate areas of the body. It causes abnormal sensations and weakness.
Multiple mononeuropathy typically affects only a few nerves, often in different areas of the body. In contrast, polyneuropathy affects many nerves, usually in about the same areas on both sides of the body. However, if multiple mononeuropathy involves many nerves, it may be difficult to distinguish from polyneuropathy.
Several disorders can cause multiple mononeuropathy, and each disorder produces characteristic symptoms. Diabetes is probably the most common cause, although diabetes more commonly causes polyneuropathy. Other common causes of multiple mononeuropathy include polyarteritis nodosa, lupus (systemic lupus erythematosus), Sjögren's syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, sarcoidosis, amyloidosis, and infections (such as Lyme disease and HIV infection). Multiple mononeuropathy may result from direct invasion of the nerve by bacteria, as occurs in leprosy. A disorder may affect the nerves all at once or affect them progressively, a few at a time.
People have pain, weakness, abnormal sensations, or a combination of these symptoms in the areas supplied by the affected nerves. Symptoms often begin on one side of the body. When diabetes is the cause, muscles of the eyes and thighs are often affected.
Doctors base the diagnosis on symptoms and results of a physical examination, but electromyography and nerve conduction tests are usually done to confirm the diagnosis.
Treatment depends on the cause.
Last full review/revision February 2008 by Michael Rubin, MDCM
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