Fussiness is the inability of an infant to settle down or be soothed. Excessive crying is hours-long periods of crying by a healthy infant whose basic needs are met. Colic is a pattern of weeks-long, excessive periods of crying that is loud, piercing, constant, and occurs in intervals, between which the infant acts normally.

• The cause of fussiness, excessive crying, and colic is usually unknown but can be due to conditions such as gastric reflux, infection, or injury.
• If no cause can be found, children are often diagnosed with excessive crying or colic.
• Unless a specific cause is found, there is no specific treatment.

Fussiness, excessive crying, and colic occur most commonly between the second week and third month of life. Their cause is usually unknown, but excessive crying is sometimes due to excess air in the digestive tract (for example, from not burping after eating or from swallowing air while crying) or to an infection, such as an ear or urinary tract infection. Rarely, excessive crying is a sign of a serious illness like intestinal obstruction or meningitis. Other causes of crying are gastroesophageal reflux (see Digestive Disorders in Children: Gastroesophageal Reflux in Children), milk allergy, eruption of a tooth, a hair caught around a finger or toe (hair tourniquet), or a corneal abrasion.

Parents of children with excessive crying or colic should consult a doctor if there is nothing they can do to stop the child's crying or if the child has other symptoms, such as fever or poor feeding. Doctors try to diagnose and treat known causes of fussiness and crying. Infections may or may not require antibiotics. Gastroesophageal reflux can be treated by a number of strategies (see Digestive Disorders in Children: Diagnosis). Air in the digestive tract can be diminished by adequately burping the child. A change of formula may treat symptoms of milk allergy; however, parents should consult with their doctor before changing the formula. Crying from teething usually lessens with time. Mild analgesics and teething rings can be helpful. A hair tourniquet needs to be removed. Corneal abrasions are treated with an antibiotic ointment or drops to prevent infection.

If there is no readily identified reason for an infant's persistent crying, the doctor may diagnose excessive crying or colic. There is no specific treatment. If mothers who are breastfeeding notice that certain foods lead to increased crying in their infant, they should avoid eating those foods. Many infants get some relief from being held, rocked, or patted or from the white noise and vibration of a fan, washing machine, or car ride. A pacifier or swaddling clothes may also be comforting. Feeding sometimes soothes the child, but parents should avoid overfeeding in an attempt to stop the crying. Some children cry themselves to sleep.

Excessive crying and colic can be exhausting and stressful for parents. Parents should take advantage of nighttime crying interludes to lay infants on their back in their crib to encourage self-soothing and sleep. Emotional support from friends, family, neighbors, and doctors is key to coping. Parents should ask for whatever help they need (with siblings, errands, or child care) and share their feelings and fears. Overwhelmed parents can take comfort in the fact that despite the extreme distress the crying or colicky infant appears to be in, excessive crying and colic usually disappear by 3 to 4 months of age and cause no long-term harm.

Last full review/revision February 2009 by Elizabeth J. Palumbo, MD