Nausea is an unpleasant feeling of needing to vomit. People also may feel dizziness, vague discomfort in the abdomen, and an unwillingness to eat.

Vomiting is a forceful contraction of the stomach that propels its contents up the esophagus and out the mouth. Vomiting empties the stomach and often makes people with nausea feel considerably better, at least temporarily. Vomiting is quite uncomfortable and can be violent. Severe vomiting can project stomach contents many feet (projectile vomiting). Vomiting is not the same as regurgitation, which is the spitting up of stomach contents without forceful abdominal contractions or nausea. For instance, people with achalasia or Zenker's diverticulum (see Esophageal Disorders: Zenker's Diverticula) may regurgitate undigested food without nausea.

Vomitus—the material that is vomited up—usually reflects what was recently eaten. Sometimes it contains chunks of food. When blood is vomited, the vomitus is usually red (hematemesis—see Symptoms of Digestive Disorders: Gastrointestinal Bleeding), but if the blood has been partly digested, the vomitus looks like coffee grounds. When bile is present, the vomitus is bitter and yellow-green.

Complications: In addition to being uncomfortable, vomiting can cause complications:

• Inhaled vomitus (aspiration)
• Torn esophagus (Mallory-Weiss tear)
• Dehydration and electrolyte abnormalities
• Undernutrition and weight loss

People who are unconscious or only partly conscious can inhale their vomitus. The acid in the vomitus can severely irritate the lungs.

Vomiting greatly increases pressure within the esophagus, and severe vomiting can tear the lining of the esophagus (see Esophageal Disorders: Esophageal Laceration). A small tear causes pain and sometimes bleeding, but a large tear can be fatal.

Because people lose water and minerals (electrolytes) in vomitus, severe vomiting can cause dehydration and electrolyte abnormalities. Newborns and infants are particularly susceptible to these complications.

Chronic vomiting can cause undernutrition, weight loss, and metabolic abnormalities.

Causes

Nausea and vomiting result when the vomiting center in the brain is activated. Causes typically involve disorders of the digestive tract or the brain, or ingested substances.

Common causes: The most common causes of nausea and vomiting are

• Gastroenteritis
• Drugs
• Toxins

Nausea and vomiting commonly occur with any dysfunction of the digestive tract but are particularly common with gastroenteritis (see Gastroenteritis). A less common digestive tract disorder is intestinal obstruction (obstruction of the intestine), which causes vomiting because food and fluids back up into the stomach because of the obstruction. Many other abdominal disorders that cause vomiting also cause significant abdominal pain (see Symptoms of Digestive Disorders: Acute Abdominal Pain). In such disorders (for example, appendicitis or pancreatitis), it is typically the pain rather than the vomiting that causes people to seek medical care.

Many drugs, including alcohol, opioid analgesics (such as morphineSome Trade Names
MS CONTIN ORAMORPH
), and chemotherapy drugs, can cause nausea and vomiting. Toxins, such as lead or those found in some foods and plants, can cause severe nausea and vomiting.

Less common causes: Less common causes of nausea and vomiting include

• Brain or central nervous system disorders
• Motion sickness
• Metabolic changes or bodywide (systemic) illness
• Psychologic disorders

The vomiting center also can be activated by certain brain or central nervous system disorders, including infections (such as meningitis and encephalitis), migraines, and disorders that increase pressure inside the skull (intracranial pressure). Disorders that increase intracranial pressure include brain tumors, brain hemorrhage, and severe head injuries.

The balance organs of the inner ear (vestibular apparatus) are connected to the vomiting center. This connection is why some people become nauseated by the movement of a boat, car, or airplane and by certain disorders of the inner ear (such as labyrinthitis and positional vertigo).

Nausea and vomiting may also occur when there are metabolic changes in the body, such as during early pregnancy, or when people have diabetes that is severely out of control, or severe liver failure or kidney failure.

Psychologic problems also can cause nausea and vomiting (known as functional, or psychogenic, vomiting). Such vomiting may be intentional. For instance, people who have bulimia make themselves vomit to lose weight. Or it may be unintentional. For instance, children who are afraid of going to school vomit as a response to their psychologic distress.

Evaluation

Not every episode of nausea and vomiting requires immediate evaluation by a doctor. The following information can help people decide whether a doctor's evaluation is needed and help them know what to expect during the evaluation.

Warning signs: Certain symptoms and characteristics are cause for concern. They include

• Signs of dehydration (such as thirst, dry mouth, little or no urine output, and feeling weak and tired)
• Headache, stiff neck, confusion, or decreased alertness
• Constant abdominal pain
• Tenderness when the abdomen is touched
• Distended (swollen) abdomen

When to see a doctor: People who have warning signs should see a doctor right away, as should people who vomited any blood or who recently had a head injury.

People who have nausea and vomiting but no warning signs should see a doctor if vomiting continues for more than 24 to 48 hours or if they are unable to tolerate more than a few sips of liquid. People who have a few episodes of vomiting (with or without diarrhea) but are able to tolerate at least some liquids should call their doctor. Depending on their age, other symptoms, and known medical conditions (such as cancer or diabetes), the doctor may suggest people are seen for an evaluation or stay home and try simple remedies.

What the doctor does: Doctors first ask questions about the person's symptoms and medical history. Doctors then do a physical examination. What they find during the history and physical examination often suggests a cause of the vomiting and the tests that may need to be done (see see Symptoms of Digestive Disorders: Some Causes and Features of Nausea and Vomiting).

During the history, doctors ask whether the person is pregnant or has diabetes, migraines, liver or kidney disease, or cancer (including the timing of any chemotherapy or radiation therapy). All recently ingested drugs and substances are noted because certain substances may not be toxic until several days after ingestion (such as acetaminophenSome Trade Names
TYLENOL
and some mushrooms).

During the physical examination, doctors look for the following:

• Signs of dehydration (such as a rapid heart rate, low blood pressure, and dry mouth)
• Signs of a serious abdominal disorder (such as a distended abdomen and/or severe tenderness to touch)
• Decreased alertness or any other neurologic abnormalities suggesting a brain disorder

Doctors note any previous abdominal surgery, because fibrous bands of scar tissue (adhesions) may have formed and caused a intestinal obstruction.

Although people with previously known disorders that cause vomiting (such as migraine) may simply be having a recurrence of that disorder, doctors thoroughly look for signs of a new, different problem.

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Some Causes and Features of Nausea and Vomiting Cause Common Features* Tests† Digestive tract disorders Appendicitis or another sudden, severe disorder within the abdomen (such as a perforated intestine, gall bladder inflammation, or pancreatitis) Significant abdominal pain Abdomen that is tender to the touch Abdominal imaging tests (such as x-rays, ultrasonography, and/or CT) Intestinal obstruction No bowel movements and no flatus Cramping abdominal pain that comes and goes Distended abdomen Usually in people who are known to have a hernia or who have had abdominal surgery Abdominal x-rays taken with the person in flat and upright positions Gastroenteritis Vomiting and diarrhea Little or no abdominal pain (except during vomiting) Rarely fever or blood in stool Normal abdominal examination A doctor's examination Hepatitis Mild to moderate nausea for many days and sometimes vomiting A general feeling of illness (malaise) Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice) Loss of appetite Mild discomfort in the upper right part of the abdomen Blood tests Ingestion of a toxin (there are many that cause vomiting―common examples include alcohol, aspirinSome Trade Names BAYER , iron, lead, or insecticides) Ingestion usually clear based on the person's history Various other symptoms depending on the substance ingested Depend on the substance ingested but may include blood tests and liver function tests Brain and nervous system disorders Head injury (such as caused by a recent motor vehicle crash, sports injury, or fall) Injury clear based on the person's history Often headache, confusion, and difficulty remembering recent events CT of the head Brain hemorrhage Sudden, often severe headache Confusion CT of the head Spinal tap if CT results are normal Brain infection (such as meningitis) Gradual headache and confusion Often fever and pain with tilting head forward May cause a reddish purple rash of tiny dots on the skin (petechiae) if due to meningococcal meningitis‡ Spinal tap (sometimes preceded by CT of the head) Increased pressure within the skull (such as caused by a blood clot or tumor) Headache, confusion, and sometimes problems with nerve, spinal cord, or brain function CT of the head Labyrinthitis (inflammation of the inner ear) A false sensation of movement (vertigo), rhythmic jerking movement of the eyes (nystagmus), and symptoms worsened by motion of the head Sometimes ringing in the ears (tinnitus) A doctor's examination Sometimes MRI Migraine Usually a moderate to severe headache Headache sometimes preceded by seeing flashing lights and blind spots (aura) Sometimes sensitivity to light (photophobia) or temporary disturbances in balance or muscle strength Often a history of repeated similar attacks A doctor's examination Sometimes CT or MRI of the head and spinal tap (if results of the examination unclear) Motion sickness Trigger clear based on the person's history A doctor's examination Psychologic disorders No diarrhea or abdominal pain Vomiting that often occurs with stress Consumption of food considered repulsive A doctor's examination Systemic (bodywide) conditions Diabetic ketoacidosis An increased volume of urine excreted each day (polyuria), excessive thirst (polydipsia), and often significant dehydration Blood tests Drug side effects or toxicity Ingestion or a drug or substance clear based on the person's history Depend on the substance ingested but may include blood tests Liver failure or kidney failure Often jaundice in advanced liver disease Ammonia odor to the breath in kidney failure Often in people known to have the disorder Blood and urine tests to evaluate liver and kidney function Pregnancy Nausea and/or vomiting often in morning or triggered by food Normal examination (except may be dehydrated) Often a missed or late menstrual period Pregnancy test Radiation exposure Exposure usually clear based on the person's history Severe nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea A doctor's examination *Features include symptoms and the results of the doctor's examination. Features mentioned are typical but not always present. †Doctors usually do a urine pregnancy test for all girls and women of childbearing age. ‡Sometimes forceful vomiting (caused by any disorder or condition) causes petechiae on the upper torso and face, which may resemble petechiae caused by meningococcal meningitis, a particularly dangerous form of meningitis. People with meningococcal meningitis are usually very ill, whereas people with petechiae caused by vomiting are often otherwise quite well. CT = computed tomography; MRI = magnetic resonance imaging. Some Causes and Features of Nausea and Vomiting Cause Common Features* Tests† Digestive tract disorders Appendicitis or another sudden, severe disorder within the abdomen (such as a perforated intestine, gall bladder inflammation, or pancreatitis) Significant abdominal pain Abdomen that is tender to the touch Abdominal imaging tests (such as x-rays, ultrasonography, and/or CT) Intestinal obstruction No bowel movements and no flatus Cramping abdominal pain that comes and goes Distended abdomen Usually in people who are known to have a hernia or who have had abdominal surgery Abdominal x-rays taken with the person in flat and upright positions Gastroenteritis Vomiting and diarrhea Little or no abdominal pain (except during vomiting) Rarely fever or blood in stool Normal abdominal examination A doctor's examination Hepatitis Mild to moderate nausea for many days and sometimes vomiting A general feeling of illness (malaise) Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice) Loss of appetite Mild discomfort in the upper right part of the abdomen Blood tests Ingestion of a toxin (there are many that cause vomiting―common examples include alcohol, aspirinSome Trade Names BAYER , iron, lead, or insecticides) Ingestion usually clear based on the person's history Various other symptoms depending on the substance ingested Depend on the substance ingested but may include blood tests and liver function tests Brain and nervous system disorders Head injury (such as caused by a recent motor vehicle crash, sports injury, or fall) Injury clear based on the person's history Often headache, confusion, and difficulty remembering recent events CT of the head Brain hemorrhage Sudden, often severe headache Confusion CT of the head Spinal tap if CT results are normal Brain infection (such as meningitis) Gradual headache and confusion Often fever and pain with tilting head forward May cause a reddish purple rash of tiny dots on the skin (petechiae) if due to meningococcal meningitis‡ Spinal tap (sometimes preceded by CT of the head) Increased pressure within the skull (such as caused by a blood clot or tumor) Headache, confusion, and sometimes problems with nerve, spinal cord, or brain function CT of the head Labyrinthitis (inflammation of the inner ear) A false sensation of movement (vertigo), rhythmic jerking movement of the eyes (nystagmus), and symptoms worsened by motion of the head Sometimes ringing in the ears (tinnitus) A doctor's examination Sometimes MRI Migraine Usually a moderate to severe headache Headache sometimes preceded by seeing flashing lights and blind spots (aura) Sometimes sensitivity to light (photophobia) or temporary disturbances in balance or muscle strength Often a history of repeated similar attacks A doctor's examination Sometimes CT or MRI of the head and spinal tap (if results of the examination unclear) Motion sickness Trigger clear based on the person's history A doctor's examination Psychologic disorders No diarrhea or abdominal pain Vomiting that often occurs with stress Consumption of food considered repulsive A doctor's examination Systemic (bodywide) conditions Diabetic ketoacidosis An increased volume of urine excreted each day (polyuria), excessive thirst (polydipsia), and often significant dehydration Blood tests Drug side effects or toxicity Ingestion or a drug or substance clear based on the person's history Depend on the substance ingested but may include blood tests Liver failure or kidney failure Often jaundice in advanced liver disease Ammonia odor to the breath in kidney failure Often in people known to have the disorder Blood and urine tests to evaluate liver and kidney function Pregnancy Nausea and/or vomiting often in morning or triggered by food Normal examination (except may be dehydrated) Often a missed or late menstrual period Pregnancy test Radiation exposure Exposure usually clear based on the person's history Severe nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea A doctor's examination *Features include symptoms and the results of the doctor's examination. Features mentioned are typical but not always present. †Doctors usually do a urine pregnancy test for all girls and women of childbearing age. ‡Sometimes forceful vomiting (caused by any disorder or condition) causes petechiae on the upper torso and face, which may resemble petechiae caused by meningococcal meningitis, a particularly dangerous form of meningitis. People with meningococcal meningitis are usually very ill, whereas people with petechiae caused by vomiting are often otherwise quite well. CT = computed tomography; MRI = magnetic resonance imaging.

Testing: The need for tests depends on what doctors find during the history and physical examination, particularly whether warning signs are present and whether findings suggest a particular disorder (see Symptoms of Digestive Disorders: Some Causes and Features of Nausea and Vomiting).

Possible tests include

• Pregnancy test
• Blood and urine tests

Girls and women of childbearing age typically should have a pregnancy test.

Otherwise healthy adults and older children who have only a few episodes of vomiting (with or without diarrhea) and no other symptoms typically do not require any testing.

People whose vomiting is severe or has lasted more than 1 day or who have signs of dehydration need laboratory tests of blood (particularly electrolyte levels and sometimes liver tests) and urine.

Treatment

Specific conditions are treated. If there is no serious underlying disorder and the person is not dehydrated, small amounts of clear liquids may be given 30 minutes or so after the last bout of vomiting. Typically an ounce (30 milliliters) or two are given at first. Plain water is an appropriate liquid, but broth or weak, sweetened tea may be given. Sports drinks have no particular advantage but are not harmful. Carbonated beverages and alcohol should be avoided. If these liquids are tolerated, the amounts are increased gradually. When these increases are tolerated, the person may resume eating normal foods.

Even when people are slightly dehydrated, doctors usually recommend oral rehydration solutions as long as people can tolerate some liquids by mouth. People with significant dehydration or electrolyte abnormalities, people who are actively vomiting, and people who cannot tolerate any liquids by mouth usually require fluids and/or drugs given by vein (intravenously).

For some adults and adolescents, doctors give anti-nausea drugs depending on the cause and the severity of the vomiting:

• For vomiting caused by motion sickness: Antihistamines (such as dimenhydrinate), scopolamineSome Trade Names
  TRANSDERM SCOP
  patches, or both
• For mild to moderate symptoms: Prochlorperazine or metoclopramideSome Trade Names
  REGLAN
  
• For severe vomiting (including vomiting caused by chemotherapy): Dolasetron, ondansetronSome Trade Names
  ZOFRAN
  , or granisetronSome Trade Names
  KYTRIL
  , or sometimes aprepitant

Key Points

• People whose nausea and vomiting have an obvious cause and who have a normal examination only need treatment of their symptoms.
• Doctors look for signs of severe, sudden changes to the abdomen or disorders within the skull.
• Girls and women of childbearing age are tested for pregnancy.

Last full review/revision October 2012 by Norton J. Greenberger, MD