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  • Blood Disorders
  • Bone, Joint, and Muscle Disorders
  • Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerve Disorders
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  • Disorders of Nutrition
  • Drugs
  • Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders
  • Eye Disorders
  • Fundamentals
  • Heart and Blood Vessel Disorders
  • Hormonal and Metabolic Disorders
  • Immune Disorders
  • Infections
  • Injuries and Poisoning
  • Kidney and Urinary Tract Disorders
  • Liver and Gallbladder Disorders
  • Lung and Airway Disorders
  • Men's Health Issues
  • Mental Health Disorders
  • Mouth and Dental Disorders
  • Older People's Health Issues
  • Skin Disorders
  • Special Subjects
  • Women's Health Issues
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  • Emergencies
  • Cardiac Arrest
  • Choking
  • Drowning
  • Injuries
  • Altitude Illness
  • Bee Stings
  • Bites, Animal
  • Bites, Human
  • Bites, Snake
  • Burns
  • Electrical Injuries
  • Eye, Blunt Injury to
  • Eye, Chemical Burns of
  • Fractures
  • Frostbite
  • Head Injury
  • Heatstroke
  • Hypoithermia
  • Lightning Injuries
  • Shock
  • Sprains and Strains
  • Wounds
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  • Resources for Help and Information
Index
babcbebiblbmbobpbrbuby
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Br

Braces (orthodontic therapy)

Biology of the Mouth
Malocclusion: Prevention and Treatment

Brachial neuritis

Plexus Disorders: Causes

Brachial plexus

Plexus Disorders
Nerve Junction Boxes: The PlexusesFigures

Brachytherapy

Prostate Cancer: Radiation Therapy

Bradbury-Eggleston Syndrome

Pure Autonomic Failure

Bradyarrhythmias

Abnormal Heart Rhythms: Causes

Bradycardia

Abnormal Heart Rhythms
Pacemaker Dysfunction

  • in apnea of prematurity

  • Apnea of Prematurity: Symptoms and Diagnosis

    Bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome

    Pacemaker Dysfunction

    Brain

  • abscess of

  • Abscess of the Brain

  • with ear infection

  • Middle Ear Infections in Young Children: Complications

  • headache with

  • Some Causes and Features of HeadachesTables

  • in meningitis

  • Meningitis in Children: Symptoms and Diagnosis

  • age-associated changes in

  • Effects of Aging on the Nervous System: Brain
    Changes in the Body With Aging: Brain and Nervous System
    How the Body Ages: Some Normal ChangesTables

  • in Alzheimer's disease

  • Dementia: Alzheimer's Disease

  • anencephaly of

  • Genetic Disorders Detection: Neural Tube Defects

  • aneurysm of

  • Hemorrhagic Stroke: Causes

  • biology of

  • Brain
    Viewing the BrainFigures

  • biopsy of

  • Brain Tumors: Diagnosis

  • birth defects of

  • Genetic Disorders Detection: Neural Tube Defects
    Other Birth DefectsTables
    Brain and Spinal Cord Defects

  • bleeding in/around

  • Hemorrhagic Stroke
    Bursts and Breaks: Causes of Hemorrhagic StrokeFigures
    Intracranial Hematomas
    Pockets of Blood in the BrainFigures

  • bruise of

  • Cerebral Contusions and Lacerations

  • cancer of

  • Brain Tumors
    Tumors That Originate in or Near the BrainTables
    Common Symptoms of Some Brain TumorsSidebar
    Understanding Tumor TreatmentSidebar

  • headache with

  • Some Causes and Features of HeadachesTables
    Brain Tumors: Symptoms

  • circulation of

  • Brain
    Supplying the Brain with BloodFigures

  • testing of

  • Physical Examination: Blood flow to the brain

  • cysts of

  • Parasitic Brain Infections: Other Infections

  • damage to

  • see Brain, injury to

  • death of

  • Brain Death

  • deep stimulation of

  • for Parkinson's disease

  • Parkinson's Disease: Deep Brain Stimulation

  • for Tourette's syndrome

  • Tics: Severe Symptoms

  • for tremors

  • Tremor: Deep brain stimulation

  • in dementia

  • see also Dementia
    Dementia

  • demyelination of

  • Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and Related Disorders

  • development of

  • Physical Development of Infants

  • diagnostic tests for

  • Tests for Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerve Disorders
    How Imaging Tests Help in Diagnosing Nervous System DisordersTables
    How a Spinal Tap Is DoneFigures

  • digestive system and

  • Biology of the Digestive System

  • dysfunction of

  • Brain Dysfunction
    When Specific Areas of the Brain Are DamagedFigures
    Testing a Person With AphasiaSidebar

  • behavior and personality changes and

  • Personality and Behavior Changes: What the doctor doesTables

  • in cancer

  • Some Complications of CancerTables
    Symptoms of Cancer: Neurologic and Muscular Symptoms

  • coma with

  • Some Causes of Stupor and ComaTables

  • in dehydration

  • Dehydration: Symptoms and Diagnosis

  • in hypercalcemia

  • Calcium: Symptoms and Diagnosis

  • in hypernatremia

  • Sodium: Hypernatremia

  • in hypocalcemia

  • Calcium: Symptoms

  • in hypoglycemia

  • Hypoglycemia: Symptoms

  • in overhydration

  • Overhydration

  • in vitamin B1 deficiency

  • Thiamin: Brain abnormalities

  • electrical injury to

  • Electrical Injuries: Symptoms

  • hemorrhage in

  • Hemorrhagic Stroke
    Herniation: The Brain Under PressureFigures
    Intracranial Hematomas
    Pockets of Blood in the BrainFigures

  • herniation of

  • Brain Tumors: Symptoms
    Herniation: The Brain Under PressureFigures
    Head Injuries: Severe Head Injury

  • infection of

  • Brain Infections
    Meningitis
    Some Causes of Noninfectious MeningitisTables

  • childhood disintegrative disorder and

  • Autism Spectrum Disorders: Childhood Disintegrative Disorder

  • fungal

  • Mucormycosis

  • seizures with

  • Causes of SeizuresTables

  • inflammation of

  • see Encephalitis; Encephalopathy

  • injury to

  • Head Injuries
    Herniation: The Brain Under PressureFigures
    Recognizing a Serious Head InjurySidebar

  • cardiac arrest and

  • Cardiac Arrest

  • in cerebral palsy

  • Cerebral Palsy (CP)

  • in children

  • Head Injuries: Minor Head Injury
    Skull Fracture: Skull Fractures in Children

  • in HIV infection

  • Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection in Children: Symptoms

  • in newborn

  • Birth Injury: Head and Brain Injury

  • from radiation

  • Radiation Damage

  • rehabilitation after

  • Rehabilitation for Specific Problems: Brain Injuries

  • seizures with

  • Causes of SeizuresTables

  • laceration of

  • Cerebral Contusions and Lacerations

  • lightning effects on

  • Lightning Injuries: Symptoms

  • malaria effects on

  • Malaria: Falciparum Malaria

  • in movement

  • Using the Brain to Move a MuscleFigures

  • in newborn

  • Prematurity: Underdeveloped Brain

  • prion diseases of

  • Prion Diseases
    Of Sheep and CowsSidebar

  • radiation effects on

  • Radiation Injury: Acute Radiation Illness

  • radiation injury to

  • Radiation Damage

  • in seizures

  • see Seizures

  • stimulation therapies for

  • Treatment of Mental Illness: Other brain stimulation therapies

  • in stroke

  • see Stroke

  • swelling (edema) of

  • at high altitude

  • Altitude Illness: High-Altitude Cerebral Edema (HACE)

  • in head injury

  • Herniation: The Brain Under PressureFigures
    Head Injuries: Severe Head Injury

  • seizures with

  • Causes of SeizuresTables

  • in stroke

  • Ischemic Stroke: Symptoms

  • syphilis effects on

  • Syphilis: Tertiary (Third) Stage

  • in taste sensation

  • How People Sense FlavorsFigures

  • trauma to

  • see Brain, injury to

  • tumors of

  • Brain Tumors
    Tumors That Originate in or Near the BrainTables
    Common Symptoms of Some Brain TumorsSidebar
    Understanding Tumor TreatmentSidebar

  • in children

  • Brain Tumors in Children

  • headache with

  • Some Causes and Features of HeadachesTables
    Brain Tumors: Symptoms

  • muscle weakness and

  • Some Causes and Features of Muscle WeaknessTables

  • water on

  • see Hydrocephalus

    Brain death

    Brain Death

    Brain stem

    Viewing the BrainFigures
    Brain: Brain Stem

  • disorders of

  • numbness in

  • Some Causes and Features of Numbness Tables

  • implant in

  • Management of Hearing Loss: Brain Stem Implants

  • nerve degeneration in

  • Spinal Muscular Atrophies

  • syrinx of

  • Syrinx

    Brain waves

    see Electroencephalography

    Bran

    Constipation: Laxatives
    Agents Used to Prevent or Treat ConstipationTables

    Breakbone fever

    Dengue Fever

    Breast

  • cancer of

  • pregnancy and

  • Cancer During Pregnancy

    Breastfeeding

    Postdelivery Period: Breastfeeding
    Feeding of Newborns and Infants: Breastfeeding
    Positioning a Baby to BreastfeedFigures

  • colostrum in

  • Physical Changes During Pregnancy: Breasts

  • discomfort with

  • Postdelivery Period: Breast Engorgement

  • drug use and

  • Risk Factors for Adverse Drug Reactions: Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
    Risk Factors for Adverse Drug Reactions: Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
    Precautions With Over-the-Counter Drugs: Pregnant and Breastfeeding Women
    Taking Drugs While BreastfeedingSidebar

  • high bilirubin levels and

  • Jaundice in the Newborn: Common causes

  • HIV transmission with

  • Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection in Children: Transmission of Infection

  • of newborn

  • Newborns and Infants
    First Few Days After Birth

  • preparation for

  • Self-Care During Pregnancy: Preparing for Breastfeeding

    Breast milk

    Feeding of Newborns and Infants: Benefits of Breastfeeding

  • abnormal production of (galactorrhea)

  • Galactorrhea

  • absence of

  • Hypopituitarism: Prolactin Deficiency

  • high bilirubin levels and

  • Jaundice in the Newborn: Common causes

  • production of

  • Postdelivery Period: Breast Engorgement

    Breasts

  • abscess of

  • Staphylococcus aureus Infections: Symptoms
    Breast Infection and Abscess

  • nipple discharge in

  • Nipple Discharge: What the doctor doesTables

  • after childbirth

  • After Delivery: The Body's Return to NormalTables
    Postdelivery Period: Breast Engorgement

  • age-associated changes in

  • Effects of Aging on the Female Reproductive System

  • anatomy of

  • Inside the BreastFigures

  • biopsy of

  • Breast Cancer: Diagnosis

  • cancer of

  • Breast Cancer
    Stages of Breast CancerTables

  • hormone replacement therapy and

  • Menopause: Hormone therapy

  • in men

  • Breast Disorders in Men: Breast cancer in men

  • metastatic

  • Breast Cancer: Types
    Stages of Breast CancerTables
    Breast Cancer: Treatment of Cancer That Has Spread (Stage IV)

  • nipple discharge in

  • Breast Disorders: Nipple Discharge
    Breast Disorders: Nipple Discharge
    Nipple Discharge: Causes
    Nipple Discharge: What the doctor doesTables

  • oral contraceptives and

  • Family Planning: Disadvantages

  • receptors in

  • Breast Cancer: Characteristics

  • risk factors for

  • Breast Cancer
    What Are the Risks of Developing or Dying of Breast Cancer?Tables
    Risk Factors for Breast CancerSidebar

  • screening for

  • Selected Screening Schedule for Adults*,†Tables
    Diagnosis of Cancer: Screening
    Cancer Screening Recommendations*Tables
    Breast Cancer: Screening
    How to Do a Breast Self-ExaminationFigures

  • staging of

  • Diagnosis of Cancer: Staging
    Breast Cancer: Staging
    Stages of Breast CancerTables

  • treatment of

  • Breast Cancer: Treatment
    Surgery for Breast CancerFigures
    Rebuilding a BreastFigures
    Treating Cancer Based on TypeTables

  • cysts of

  • Breast Cysts

  • development of

  • Puberty in Girls

  • discharge from

  • Breast Disorders: Nipple Discharge
    What Causes Nipple Discharge?Tables
    Nipple Discharge
    Nipple Discharge: What the doctor doesTables

  • during pregnancy

  • Physical Changes During Pregnancy: Breasts

  • disorders of

  • Breast Disorders

  • engorgement of

  • Postdelivery Period: Breast Engorgement

  • enlargement of (gynecomastia)

  • Breast Disorders in Men: Breast enlargement

  • examination of

  • Cancer Screening Recommendations*Tables
    Gynecologic Examination
    How to Do a Breast Self-ExaminationFigures
    Breast Cancer: Screening

  • fibroadenoma of

  • Fibroadenomas

  • fibrocystic changes in

  • Breast Lumps: Common causes

  • fibrocystic disease of

  • Fibrocystic Changes

  • infection of

  • Breast Infection and Abscess

  • after childbirth

  • Postpartum Infections: Breast Infection

  • lump(s) in

  • Breast Disorders: Breast Lumps
    Breast Lumps
    Fibroadenomas
    Breast Cancer: Symptoms

  • mammography of

  • Diagnosis of Cancer: Screening
    Cancer Screening Recommendations*Tables
    Breast Cancer: Mammography
    Mammography: Screening for Breast CancerFigures

  • in men

  • Breast Disorders in Men

  • milk production in

  • Postdelivery Period: Breast Engorgement

  • Paget's disease of

  • Paget's Disease of the Nipple
    Breast Cancer: Types
    Breast Cancer: Treatment of Specific Types of Breast Cancer

  • pain in

  • Breast Disorders: Breast Pain

  • phyllodes of

  • Breast Cancer: Types
    Breast Cancer: Treatment of Specific Types of Breast Cancer

  • physician examination of

  • Breast Cancer: Screening

  • during pregnancy

  • Physical Changes During Pregnancy: Breasts

  • reconstruction of

  • Breast Cancer: Surgery
    Rebuilding a BreastFigures

  • self-examination of

  • Diagnosis of Cancer: Screening
    Cancer Screening Recommendations*Tables
    How to Do a Breast Self-ExaminationFigures
    Breast Cancer: Screening

    Breath

    see also Breathing

  • holding of

  • by children

  • Breath-Holding Spells

  • by scuba diver

  • Barotrauma: Pulmonary (Lung) Barotrauma

  • shortness of

  • Shortness of Breath
    Some Causes and Features of Shortness of BreathTables

  • in asbestosis

  • Asbestosis: Symptoms

  • in asthma

  • Asthma: Symptoms

  • in cancer

  • Symptoms of Cancer: Respiratory Symptoms

  • in COPD

  • Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): Symptoms

  • in coronary artery disease

  • Acute Coronary Syndromes (Heart Attack; Myocardial Infarction; Unstable Angina): Symptoms

  • in dilated cardiomyopathy

  • Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Symptoms

  • in dying person

  • Symptoms During a Fatal Illness: Shortness of Breath

  • in heart failure

  • Heart Failure: Symptoms

  • in Hodgkin lymphoma

  • Symptoms of Hodgkin LymphomaTables

  • in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

  • Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Symptoms

  • in mitral stenosis

  • Mitral Stenosis: Symptoms and Diagnosis

  • in non-Hodgkin lymphoma

  • Symptoms of Non-Hodgkin LymphomaTables

  • in pulmonary hypertension

  • Pulmonary Hypertension: Symptoms

  • pulmonary rehabilitation for

  • Rehabilitation for Lung and Airway Disorders

  • in scoliosis

  • Shortness of Breath: Lung disorders

  • smoke inhalation and

  • Smoke InhalationSidebar

  • stridor with

  • Stridor

  • in tuberculosis

  • Tuberculosis and Leprosy: Pulmonary Tuberculosis

    Breathing

    see also Breath

  • cessation of (apnea)

  • in newborn

  • Prematurity: Underdeveloped Brain

  • in premature infant

  • Apnea of Prematurity

  • change in

  • in infant

  • Apparent Life-Threatening Event (ALTE): Symptoms

  • in chest examination

  • Diagnosis of Lung Disorders

  • control of

  • Control of Breathing
    Diaphragm's Role in BreathingFigures

  • disorders of

  • in children

  • Respiratory Disorders in Children

  • in dying person

  • Symptoms During a Fatal Illness: Shortness of Breath

  • in epiglottitis

  • Epiglottitis: Prevention and Treatment

  • exercises for

  • Chest Physical Therapy: Breathing exercises

  • for natural childbirth

  • Natural ChildbirthSidebar

  • in newborn

  • Fetus or Newborn Problems During Delivery: Breathing Problems
    Birth Injury: Nerve Injury
    Prematurity: Underdeveloped Brain

  • problems with

  • Respiratory Distress Syndrome

  • periodic (Cheyne-Stokes)

  • Heart Failure: Symptoms
    Sleep Apnea: Symptoms

  • in pneumonia prevention

  • Pneumonia: Prevention

  • during pregnancy

  • Physical Changes During Pregnancy: Respiratory Tract

  • pursed-lip

  • Chest Physical Therapy: Breathing exercises

  • in respiratory tract infection

  • Respiratory Tract Infections in Children: Symptoms and Complications

  • shortness of

  • see Breath, shortness of

  • stopping of, by children

  • Breath-Holding Spells

  • stridor during

  • Stridor

  • in croup

  • Croup: Symptoms and Diagnosis

  • in respiratory tract infection

  • Respiratory Tract Infections in Children: Symptoms and Complications

  • wheezing during

  • Wheezing
    Some Causes and Features of WheezingTables
    Respiratory Disorders in Children: Symptoms

    Breech (buttocks-first) presentation

    Labor: Admission to a Hospital or Birthing Center
    Position and Presentation of the FetusFigures
    Fetus or Newborn Problems During Delivery: Breech Presentation
    Physical Examination of the Newborn

    Bridges, dental

    Cavities: Bridges, Crowns, and Implants
    Crowns, Bridges, and ImplantsFigures

    Brief psychotic disorder

    Disorders That Resemble SchizophreniaSidebar

    Brimonidine

    Drugs Used to Treat GlaucomaTables

    Brinzolamide

    Drugs Used to Treat GlaucomaTables

    Broca's aphasia

    Specific Types of Brain Dysfunction: Broca's (Expressive) Aphasia
    Testing a Person With AphasiaSidebar

    Bromhidrosis

    Excessive Sweating

    Bromocriptine

  • in acromegaly

  • Acromegaly and Gigantism: Treatment

  • in ovulation problems

  • Problems With Ovulation: Other drugs

  • in Parkinson's disease

  • Drugs Used to Treat Parkinson's DiseaseTables

  • in prolactinoma

  • Hypopituitarism: Treatment
    Galactorrhea: Treatment

    Brompheniramine

    Some AntihistaminesTables
    Nonprescription Cold RemediesTables

    Bronchi

    Respiratory System
    Inside the Lungs and AirwaysFigures

  • in asthma

  • see Asthma

  • dilatation of

  • see Bronchiectasis

  • infection of

  • see Bronchitis

    Bronchial artery, embolization of

    Coughing Up Blood: Treatment

    Bronchiectasis

    Bronchiectasis and Atelectasis
    Understanding BronchiectasisFigures
    Some Causes of BronchiectasisSidebar

    Bronchioles

    Inside the Lungs and AirwaysFigures
    Respiratory System

    Bronchiolitis

    Some Causes and Features of Cough in ChildrenTables
    Respiratory Tract Infections in Children
    Respiratory Disorders in Children: Risk Factors
    Bronchiolitis

  • wheezing in

  • Some Causes and Features of WheezingTables

    Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia

    Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias: Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia

    Bronchitis

  • acute

  • Acute Bronchitis
    Understanding BronchitisFigures

  • chronic

  • Some Causes and Features of CoughTables
    Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

  • coughing up blood in

  • Some Causes and Features of HemoptysisTables

  • irritative (industrial)

  • Acute Bronchitis: Irritative Bronchitis

    Bronchoalveolar lavage

    Tests for Lung Disorders: Bronchoscopy

    Bronchodilators

  • in asthma

  • How to Use a Metered-Dose InhalerFigures
    Asthma: Treating Attacks
    Asthma: Beta-Adrenergic Agonists
    Drugs Used to Treat AsthmaTables

  • in children

  • Respiratory Disorders in Children: Treatment

  • in bronchiolitis

  • Bronchiolitis: Prognosis and Treatment

  • in bronchitis

  • Acute Bronchitis: Treatment

    Bronchopulmonary aspergillosis

    Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis

    Bronchopulmonary dysplasia

    Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

    Bronchoscopy

    Tests for Lung Disorders: Bronchoscopy
    Understanding BronchoscopyFigures
    Diagnostic ProceduresTables

  • in gastroesophageal reflux

  • Gastroesophageal Reflux in Children: Diagnosis

  • in hemoptysis

  • Coughing Up Blood: Testing

  • in lung abscess

  • Abscess in the Lungs: Treatment

    Brown recluse spider bite

    Spider Bites

    Brown-Séquard syndrome

    Radiation Damage

    Brucellosis

    Other Bacterial InfectionsTables

    Brugada syndrome

    Brugada Syndrome

    Bruises

    Bruising and Bleeding

  • bladder

  • Bladder Injuries: Treatment

  • brain

  • Cerebral Contusions and Lacerations

  • in child abuse

  • Child Neglect and Abuse: Physical Abuse

  • in Gardner-Diamond syndrome

  • Autoerythrocyte Sensitization

  • first aid for

  • Soft-Tissue Injuries

  • kidney

  • Kidney Injuries: Minor to SevereFigures

  • in leukemia

  • Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL): Symptoms

  • in newborn

  • Physical Examination of the Newborn
    Common Birthmarks and Minor Skin Markings in NewbornsSidebar

  • painful

  • Autoerythrocyte Sensitization

  • in purpura simplex

  • Purpura Simplex (Easy Brusing)

  • in thrombocytopenia

  • Thrombocytopenia (ITP, TTP): Symptoms and Complications

  • urethral

  • Urethral Injuries

    Bruising

  • easy

  • Bruising and Bleeding

    Bruits

    Diagnosis of Heart and Blood Vessel Disorders

  • liver

  • Primary Liver Cancers: Diagnosis

    Bruton's disease

    X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia

    Bruxism (teeth grinding)

    Teeth Grinding
    Tooth Disorders: Symptoms
    Temporomandibular Disorders : Muscle Pain and Tightness

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