A bladder injury often occurs when the pelvis is injured, as in a high-speed motor vehicle collision or a fall. Penetrating wounds, usually from gunshots, also can injure the bladder. In addition, a bladder injury may occur unintentionally during surgery involving the pelvis or lower abdomen (such as hysterectomy, cesarean section, or colectomy).

If bladder injuries are not promptly treated, complications, such as frequent and urgent urination, uncontrollable loss of urine (urinary incontinence), and infection, may develop.

Symptoms and Diagnosis

The most common symptoms of a bladder injury are blood in the urine, difficulty in urinating, and pain in the pelvis and lower abdomen. If the lowermost portion of the bladder (where the muscle that helps to control urination is located) has been injured, the person may experience frequent urination or urinary incontinence.

The diagnosis of a bladder injury is best established by cystography, a procedure in which a radiopaque dye (contrast agent), which is visible on x-rays, is injected into the bladder and a computed tomography (CT) scan or x-rays are taken to look for leakage. Bladder injuries that occur during a surgical procedure are usually recognized promptly and imaging tests are not needed.

Treatment

Minor bladder injuries, either bruises or tears (lacerations), may be treated by inserting a catheter into the urethra for 5 to 10 days while the bladder heals. For more extensive bladder injuries or any injury resulting in leakage of urine into the abdominal cavity, surgery should be performed to determine the extent of the injury and to repair all tears. The urine can then be more effectively drained from the bladder using two catheters, one inserted through the urethra (a transurethral catheter) and one inserted directly into the bladder through the skin over the lower abdomen (a suprapubic catheter). These catheters are removed in 7 to 10 days or once the bladder has healed satisfactorily. If complications develop, they must be treated.

When a bladder injury is recognized during a surgical procedure, it is treated at that time.

Last full review/revision June 2007 by Noel A. Armenakas, MD