Loss of vision is considered sudden if it develops within a few minutes to a couple of days. It may affect one or both eyes and all or part of a field of vision. Loss of only a small part of the field of vision (for example, as a result of a small retinal detachment) may seem like blurred vision. Other symptoms, for example eye pain, may occur depending on the cause of vision loss.

Causes

Sudden loss of vision has three general causes:

• Clouding of normally transparent eye structures
• Abnormalities of the retina (the light-sensing structure at the back of the eye)
• Abnormalities of the nerves that carry visual signals from the eye to the brain (the optic nerve and the visual pathways)

Light must travel through several transparent structures before it can be sensed by the retina. First, light passes through the cornea (the clear layer in front of the iris and pupil), then the lens, and then the vitreous humor (the jellylike substance that fills the eyeball). Anything that blocks light from passing through these structures, for example, a corneal ulcer or bleeding into the vitreous humor, can cause loss of vision.

Most disorders that cause total loss of vision when they affect the entire eye may affect only part of the eye and cause only partial vision loss.

When the Visual Pathways Are Damaged Nerve signals travel along the optic nerve from each eye. The two optic nerves meet at the optic chiasm. There, the optic nerve from each eye divides, and half of the nerve fibers from each side cross to the other side. Because of this arrangement, the brain receives information via both optic nerves for the left visual field and for the right visual field. Damage to an eye or the visual pathway causes different types of vision loss depending on where the damage occurs.

How and Why Blindness Develops
Anything that blocks the passage of light from the environment to the back of the eye or disrupts the transmission of nerve impulses from the back of the eye to the brain will interfere with vision. Legal blindness is defined as a visual acuity of 20/200 or worse in the better eye, even after correction with eyeglasses or contact lenses, or a visual field restricted to less than 20° in the better eye. Many people who are considered legally blind can distinguish shapes and shadows but not normal detail. Blindness can occur under the following circumstances: Light cannot reach the retina. Damage to the cornea caused by infections such as herpes keratoconjunctivitis or an infection that follows contact lens overwearing, which results in an opaque corneal scar Damage to the cornea caused by vitamin A deficiency (keratomalacia), which causes dry eyes and results in an opaque corneal scar (rare in developed nations) Damage to the cornea caused by a severe injury that results in an opaque corneal scar A cataract, which causes loss of clarity of the lens Light rays do not focus on the retina clearly. Imperfect focusing of light rays on the retina (refraction errors) that cannot be fully corrected with eyeglasses or contact lenses (such as from certain types of cataracts) The retina cannot sense light rays normally. Detached retina Diabetes mellitus Macular degeneration Retinitis pigmentosa Inadequate blood supply to the retina, usually due to a blockage of the retinal artery or vein, which may be caused by inflammation of the blood vessel wall (such as that caused by temporal arteritis), or due to a blood clot that travels to the eye from somewhere else (such as from the carotid artery in the neck) Infection of the retina (such as from Toxoplasma, parasites, or fungi) in people who have AIDS Nerve impulses from the retina are not transmitted to the brain normally. Disorders affecting the optic nerve or its pathways inside the brain, such as brain tumors, strokes, infections, and multiple sclerosis Glaucoma Inflammation of the optic nerve (optic neuritis) The brain cannot interpret information sent by the eye. Disorders that affect the areas of the brain that interpret visual impulses (visual cortex), such as strokes and tumors

Common causes: The most common causes of sudden loss of vision are

• Blockage of a major artery of the retina (central retinal artery occlusion)
• Blockage of an artery to the optic nerve (ischemic optic neuropathy)
• Blockage of a major vein in the retina (central retinal vein occlusion)
• Blood in the jelly-like vitreous humor near the back of the eye (vitreous hemorrhage)
• Eye injury

Sudden retinal artery blockage can result from a blood clot or small piece of atherosclerotic material that breaks off and travels into the artery. The artery to the optic nerve can be blocked in the same ways and can also be blocked by inflammation (such as may occur with giant cell [temporal] arteritis). A blood clot can form in the retinal vein and block it, particularly in older people with high blood pressure or diabetes. People with diabetes are also at risk of bleeding into the vitreous humor.

Sometimes what seems like a sudden start of symptoms may instead be sudden recognition. For example, a person with long-standing reduced vision in one eye (possibly caused by a dense cataract) may suddenly become aware of the reduced vision in the affected eye after covering the unaffected eye.

Less common causes: Less common causes of sudden loss of vision (see Table 10: Symptoms of Eye Disorders: Some Causes and Features of Sudden Loss of Vision) include stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA), acute glaucoma, retinal detachment, inflammation of the structures in the front of the eye between the cornea and the lens (anterior uveitis, sometimes called iritis), certain infections of the retina, and bleeding within the retina as a complication of age-related macular degeneration.

Evaluation

Sudden loss of vision is an emergency. Most causes are serious.

When to see a doctor: All people who experience a sudden loss of vision should see an ophthalmologist (a medical doctor who specialize in the evaluation and treatment—surgical and nonsurgical—of eye disorders) or go to the emergency department right away.

What the doctor does: Doctors first ask questions about the person's symptoms and medical history. Doctors then do a physical examination. What they find during the history and physical examination often suggests a cause and the tests that may need to be done (see Table 10: Symptoms of Eye Disorders: Some Causes and Features of Sudden Loss of Vision).

Doctors ask the person to describe when loss of vision occurred, how long it has been present, and whether if has progressed. People are asked whether loss affects one or both eyes and whether loss is total or affects only a specific part of the field of vision. Doctors also ask about other vision symptoms such as floaters, flashing lights, halos around lights, distorted color vision, jagged or mosaic patterns, or eye pain. Doctors ask about symptoms that are not related to the eyes and risk factors for disorders that may cause eye problems.

The physical examination concentrates primarily on the eyes, but doctors may also do a general physical examination, including, for example, examination of the skin and the nervous system.

For the eye examination, doctors first carefully check sharpness of vision (visual acuity), usually by having the person read letters on a chart, first while one eye is covered and then with both uncovered. Doctors check how the pupils narrow (constrict) in response to light and how well the eyes can follow a moving object. Color vision may be tested. Doctors examine the eyes and eyelids using a slit lamp (an instrument that enables a doctor to examine the eye under high magnification) and measure pressure in the eye. Ophthalmologists, after instilling drops that dilate the pupils, examine the retina thoroughly with a slit lamp or light that is shone from a head lamp through a hand-held instrument.

PrintOpen table in new window
Some Causes and Features of Sudden Loss of Vision Cause Common Features* Tests Sudden loss of vision without eye pain Blockage of the central retinal artery (the artery that carries blood to the retina) Almost instantaneous, complete loss of vision in one eye In people with risk factors for atherosclerosis (such as high blood pressure, abnormal blood lipids, or cigarette smoking) A doctor's examination Blockage of the central retinal vein (the vein that carries blood away from the retina) In people with risk factors for this disorder (such as diabetes, high blood pressure, a tendency for blood to clot excessively, or sickle cell disease) A doctor's examination Vitreous hemorrhage (bleeding into the vitreous humor—the jellylike substance that fills the back of the eyeball) In people who have had specks, strings, or cobwebs in their field of vision (floaters) or who have risk factors for vitreous hemorrhage (such as diabetes, a tear in the retina, sickle cell disease, or an eye injury) Usually loss of the entire field of vision (not in just one or more spots) Examination by an ophthalmologist Sometimes ultrasonography of the retina Giant cell (temporal) arteritis (inflammation of the large arteries of the head, neck, and upper body), which can block blood flow to the optic nerve Sometimes headache, pain while combing the hair, or pain in the jaw or tongue when chewing Sometimes aches and stiffness in the large muscles of the arms or legs (polymyalgia rheumatica) Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (a blood test) Biopsy of the temporal artery Ischemic optic neuropathy (damage of the optic nerve caused by blockage of its blood supply) In people with risk factors for this disorder (such as diabetes or high blood pressure) or in people who have had an episode of very low blood pressure, which sometimes causes fainting A doctor's examination Macular hemorrhage (bleeding around the macula—the most sensitive part of the retina) resulting from age-related macular degeneration Usually in people known to have age-related macular degeneration or in people with risk factors for blood vessel disorders (such as high blood pressure, cigarette smoking, or abnormal blood lipids) A doctor's examination Ocular migraine (migraines that affect vision) Shimmering, irregular spots that drift slowly across the field of vision of one eye for about 10 to 20 minutes Sometimes blurring of central vision (what a person is looking at directly) Sometimes a headache after the disturbances in vision Often in young people or in people known to have migraines A doctor's examination Migraine aura A blind spot, sometimes with a shimmering spot that drifts across the field of vision, and that lasts usually 10 to 60 minutes Usually a headache after the disturbances in vision Usually in people known to have migraines A doctor's examination Detachment of the retina Sudden, spontaneous flashes of light that can look like lightning, spots, or stars (photopsias) that occur repeatedly Loss of vision that affects one area, usually what is seen out of the corners of the eye (peripheral vision) Loss of vision that spreads across the field of vision like a curtain Sometimes in people with risk factors for detachment of the retina (such as a recent eye injury, recent eye surgery, or severe nearsightedness) A doctor's examination Strokes or transient ischemic attack Usually loss of the same parts of the field of vision in both eyes In people with risk factors for these disorders (such as high blood pressure, atherosclerosis, diabetes, abnormal blood lipids, and cigarette smoking) Sometimes slurred speech, impaired eye movements, muscle weakness, and/or difficulty walking MRI or CT Sudden loss of vision with eye pain Closed-angle glaucoma Severe eye ache and redness Headache, nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light Disturbances in vision such as seeing halos around lights Measurement of pressure inside the eye (tonometry) Examination of eye's drainage channels with a special lens (gonioscopy), done by an ophthalmologist Corneal ulcer Often a grayish patch on the cornea that later becomes an open, painful sore Eye ache or a foreign body sensation Eye redness and watering Sensitivity to light Sometimes in people who have had an eye injury or who have slept with their contact lenses in A doctor's examination Culture of a sample taken from the ulcer, done by an ophthalmologist Optic neuritis (inflammation of the optic nerve), which can be related to multiple sclerosis Usually mild pain that may worsen when the eyes are moved Partial or complete loss of vision Eyelids and corneas that appear normal Often MRI *Features include symptoms and the results of the doctor's examination. Features mentioned are typical but not always present. CT = computed tomography; ECG = electrocardiography; MRI = magnetic resonance imaging. Some Causes and Features of Sudden Loss of Vision Cause Common Features* Tests Sudden loss of vision without eye pain Blockage of the central retinal artery (the artery that carries blood to the retina) Almost instantaneous, complete loss of vision in one eye In people with risk factors for atherosclerosis (such as high blood pressure, abnormal blood lipids, or cigarette smoking) A doctor's examination Blockage of the central retinal vein (the vein that carries blood away from the retina) In people with risk factors for this disorder (such as diabetes, high blood pressure, a tendency for blood to clot excessively, or sickle cell disease) A doctor's examination Vitreous hemorrhage (bleeding into the vitreous humor—the jellylike substance that fills the back of the eyeball) In people who have had specks, strings, or cobwebs in their field of vision (floaters) or who have risk factors for vitreous hemorrhage (such as diabetes, a tear in the retina, sickle cell disease, or an eye injury) Usually loss of the entire field of vision (not in just one or more spots) Examination by an ophthalmologist Sometimes ultrasonography of the retina Giant cell (temporal) arteritis (inflammation of the large arteries of the head, neck, and upper body), which can block blood flow to the optic nerve Sometimes headache, pain while combing the hair, or pain in the jaw or tongue when chewing Sometimes aches and stiffness in the large muscles of the arms or legs (polymyalgia rheumatica) Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (a blood test) Biopsy of the temporal artery Ischemic optic neuropathy (damage of the optic nerve caused by blockage of its blood supply) In people with risk factors for this disorder (such as diabetes or high blood pressure) or in people who have had an episode of very low blood pressure, which sometimes causes fainting A doctor's examination Macular hemorrhage (bleeding around the macula—the most sensitive part of the retina) resulting from age-related macular degeneration Usually in people known to have age-related macular degeneration or in people with risk factors for blood vessel disorders (such as high blood pressure, cigarette smoking, or abnormal blood lipids) A doctor's examination Ocular migraine (migraines that affect vision) Shimmering, irregular spots that drift slowly across the field of vision of one eye for about 10 to 20 minutes Sometimes blurring of central vision (what a person is looking at directly) Sometimes a headache after the disturbances in vision Often in young people or in people known to have migraines A doctor's examination Migraine aura A blind spot, sometimes with a shimmering spot that drifts across the field of vision, and that lasts usually 10 to 60 minutes Usually a headache after the disturbances in vision Usually in people known to have migraines A doctor's examination Detachment of the retina Sudden, spontaneous flashes of light that can look like lightning, spots, or stars (photopsias) that occur repeatedly Loss of vision that affects one area, usually what is seen out of the corners of the eye (peripheral vision) Loss of vision that spreads across the field of vision like a curtain Sometimes in people with risk factors for detachment of the retina (such as a recent eye injury, recent eye surgery, or severe nearsightedness) A doctor's examination Strokes or transient ischemic attack Usually loss of the same parts of the field of vision in both eyes In people with risk factors for these disorders (such as high blood pressure, atherosclerosis, diabetes, abnormal blood lipids, and cigarette smoking) Sometimes slurred speech, impaired eye movements, muscle weakness, and/or difficulty walking MRI or CT Sudden loss of vision with eye pain Closed-angle glaucoma Severe eye ache and redness Headache, nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light Disturbances in vision such as seeing halos around lights Measurement of pressure inside the eye (tonometry) Examination of eye's drainage channels with a special lens (gonioscopy), done by an ophthalmologist Corneal ulcer Often a grayish patch on the cornea that later becomes an open, painful sore Eye ache or a foreign body sensation Eye redness and watering Sensitivity to light Sometimes in people who have had an eye injury or who have slept with their contact lenses in A doctor's examination Culture of a sample taken from the ulcer, done by an ophthalmologist Optic neuritis (inflammation of the optic nerve), which can be related to multiple sclerosis Usually mild pain that may worsen when the eyes are moved Partial or complete loss of vision Eyelids and corneas that appear normal Often MRI *Features include symptoms and the results of the doctor's examination. Features mentioned are typical but not always present. CT = computed tomography; ECG = electrocardiography; MRI = magnetic resonance imaging.

Testing: The presence or absence of pain helps narrow the list of possible causes considerably (see Table 10: Symptoms of Eye Disorders: Some Causes and Features of Sudden Loss of Vision). If vision returns quickly on its own, transient ischemic attack and ocular migraine (see Symptoms of Eye Disorders: Some Causes and Features of Sudden Loss of Vision) are among the likely causes.

Often findings during the eye examination provide enough information for doctors to diagnose the cause of loss of vision. Sometimes, however, testing is needed depending on what disorders are suspected (see Table 10: Symptoms of Eye Disorders: Some Causes and Features of Sudden Loss of Vision). The following tests are of particular importance:

• Ultrasonography is done to view the retina if the retina is not clearly visible during an ophthalmoscopic examination.
• Gadolinium-enhanced MRI is done for some people with eye pain and certain other symptoms and when optic nerve swelling is seen during the eye examination.
• Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR—a blood test that indirectly measures inflammation in the body) is done, particularly in people over age 50 or who have headache, and C-reactive protein is often measured as well.

Treatment

The disorder causing the loss of vision is treated as rapidly as possible, although treatment may not be able to save or restore vision. However, prompt treatment may decrease the risk of the same process occurring in the other eye.

Key Points

• Sudden loss of vision is an emergency, so people should go directly to a hospital.
• The presence or absence of pain helps indicate which causes are most likely.
• If vision returns quickly on its own, transient ischemic attack and ocular migraine are among the likely causes.

Last full review/revision August 2012 by Kathryn Colby, MD, PhD