Diseases of the musculoskeletal system most often affect the dog's ability to move. How severely movement is impaired depends on the type and severity of the problem. Skeletal and joint disorders are the most common, but problems in the musculoskeletal system can also indicate diseases of the muscles, neurologic problems, toxins in the body, hormonal abnormalities, metabolic disorders, infectious diseases, blood and vascular disorders, poor nutrition, and birth defects.

Many different systems in the body rely on the muscles. A dog's ability to see, breathe, urinate, breed, and even chew and swallow may be affected a muscular condition. With many disorders, however, the musculoskeletal system is simply where signs of other underlying conditions show themselves. Veterinarians often trace the real cause of musculoskeletal trouble back to the nervous system, as in cases of tetanus or canine distemper.

Disorders that primarily affect the muscle membrane or muscle fibers are called myopathies. Muscle membrane disorders may be hereditary or acquired. Myopathies involving the actual muscle fiber components include polymyositis (see Bone, Joint, and Muscle Disorders of Dogs: Polymyositis), and exertional myopathy (see Bone, Joint, and Muscle Disorders of Dogs: Exertional Myopathy (Rhabdomyolysis)). Diagnosing a myopathy usually requires laboratory tests.

Tendons do not stretch, so they are prone to injury and may become torn if a large amount of force is applied to them. Such injuries lead to tendinitis, which is inflammation of the tendons. Because tendons and ligaments are relatively poorly supplied with blood, they heal slowly and sometimes imperfectly. Injuries to ligaments and tendons require patience and careful longterm rehabilitation.

Bone diseases are generally present at birth or the result of nutritional deficiencies or injuries. Inherited disorders include some cases of canine hip dysplasia or having extra toes (polydactyly). An imbalanced level of minerals in the diet, particularly of trace minerals such as copper, zinc, and magnesium, is a common dietary cause of bone defects. Growing animals that are fed too much protein can also develop nutritional disorders affecting bones. Getting either too much or too little of certain vitamins, particularly vitamins A and D, can influence bone growth and development.

Most bone disorders stem from some sort of trauma, such as fractures or cracks. Infections that cause bone tissue to break down and die can lead to bone disorders. In other situations, diseases of the ligaments or tendons may cause secondary bone troubles.

Movable joints are vulnerable to joint diseases or disorders affecting their membranes, as well as related ligaments, cartilage, and bone. Joint disorders may be caused by trauma to the joint, longterm inflammation, developmental problems, or infections. Traumatic injuries may produce short-term consequences such as dislocation, fracture, or the distortion of a joint. More longterm effects may include arthritis or the rupture of nearby ligaments or membranes.

Chronic or longterm inflammation is most commonly seen in joints associated with movement. The effects of longterm inflammation can be complicated. Any joint injury changes the composition and amount of fluid inside the joint, which affects the amount of pressure on the connecting bones. Injuries also raise the white blood cell count in a joint, which, over time, can break down cartilage.

Recent years have seen great advances in techniques for diagnosing and healing musculoskeletal disorders. When detected early, the disorders often can be corrected, allowing the animal a full return to healthy life.

Last full review/revision July 2011 by Russel R. Hanson, DVM, DACVS, DACVECC; Dale A. Moore, MS, DVM, MPVM, PhD; Joerg A. Auer, DrMedVet, Dr h c, MS, DACVS, DECVS; Joseph Harari, MS, DVM, DACVS; Sheldon Padgett, DVM, MS, DACVS