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We gratefully acknowledge the expertise of the contributors to our current online version. The subject(s) that they are responsible for are listed after their affiliations.
Denise M Aaron, MD Author
MD, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center
Fungal Skin Infections
Bola Adamolekun, MD Author
Director of Epilepsy, Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center
Seizure Disorders
Neil B. Alexander, MD Author
Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Michigan
Associate Professor for Research; Director, VA Ann Arbor Health Care System, Geriatrics Research, Education and Clinical Center
Falls in the Elderly
Roy D. Altman, MD Author
Professor of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, University of California, Los Angeles
Joint Disorders; Paget Disease of Bone
Mary Ann Anderson, PhD, RN Author
Associate Professor, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Nursing, Quad Cities Regional Program
Provision of Care to the Elderly
Gerald L. Andriole, MD Author
Professor and Chief of Urologic Surgery, Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine
Benign Prostate Disease
Parswa Ansari, MD Author
Assistant Program Director, Department of Surgery, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York
GI Bleeding; Acute Abdomen and Surgical Gastroenterology; Anorectal Disorders
Brian R. Apatoff, MD, PhD Author
Associate Professor of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College
Clinical Attending of Neurology, New York Presbyterian Hospital
Demyelinating Disorders
Noel A. Armenakas, MD Reviewer
Genitourinary Tract Trauma
Guy P. Armstrong Author
Consultant CardiologistNorth Shore Hospital, Auckland
Valvular Disorders
J. Malcolm O. Arnold, MD Author
Professor of Medicine, Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario
Cardiologist, University Hospital, London Health Sciences Center
Heart Failure; Cardiomyopathies
Thomas Arnold, MD Author
Professor and Chairman, Department of Emergency Medicine, LSU Health Sciences Center Shreveport
Bites and Stings
Raul Artal, MD Author
Professor and Chair, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, Saint Louis University School of Medicine
High-Risk Pregnancy
Alexander Auchus, MD Reviewer
Professor and McCarty Chair of Neurology, University of Mississippi Medical Center
Function and Dysfunction of the Cerebral Lobes
George L. Bakris, MD Author
Professor of Medicine, Director, ASH Comprehensive Hypertension Center, University of Chicago Medicine
Hypertension
David H. Barad, MD, MS Author
Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Obstetrics Gynecology and Women's Health,, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx
Director, Assisted Reproductive Technology, Center for Human Reproduction
Approach to the Gynecologic Patient; Symptoms of Gynecologic Disorders
Peggy P. Barco, MS, BSW, OT/L Author
Program in Occupational Therapy, Washington University Medical School
Driving Connections, The Rehabilitation Institute of Saint Louis
The Older Driver
Robert A. Barish, MD, MBA Author
Chancellor and Professor of Emergency Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport
Bites and Stings
John G. Bartlett, MD Author
Professor of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Acute Bronchitis; Pneumonia; Lung Abscess
Rosemary Basson, MD, FRCP(UK) Author
Clinical Professor, Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia and Vancouver Hospital
Sexual Dysfunction in Women
Byron E. Batteiger, MD Author
Professor of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Infectious Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine
Chlamydia and Mycoplasmas
Lee B. Beerman, MD Author
Professor of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Childrens Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
Congenital Cardiovascular Anomalies
Joshua O. Benditt, MD Author
Professor of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Washington School of Medicine
Director of Respiratory Care Medicine, University of Washington Medical Center
Bronchiectasis
James R. Berenson, MD Author
Medical and Scientific Director, Institute for Myeloma and Bone Cancer Research, West Hollywood
Plasma Cell Disorders
Barbara J. Berkman, DSW/PhD Author
Helen Rehr/Ruth Fitzdale Professor, Columbia University School of Social Work
Principal Investigator and National Director, Hartford Geriatric Social Work Faculty Scholars Program
Social Issues in the Elderly; Elder Abuse
Cheston M. Berlin, Jr., MD Author
University Professor of Pediatrics and Professor of Pharmacology, Penn State University College of Medicine
Principles of Drug Treatment in Children
Jessica R. Berman, MD Author
Assistant Professor of Medicine, Weill Medical College
Assistant Attending Physician, Hospital for Special Surgery
Approach to the Patient With Joint Disease
Richard W. Besdine, MD Reviewer
Professor of Medicine, Greer Professor of Geriatric Medicine, and Director, Division of Geriatrics (Medicine) and of the Center for Gerontology and Healthcare Research, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University
Approach to the Geriatric Patient; Aging and Quality Of Life
Adil E. Bharucha, MBBS, MD Author
Professor of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
Joseph J. Biundo, MD Author
Clinical Professor of Medicine, Tulane Medical Center
Bursa, Muscle, and Tendon Disorders
Sean C. Blackwell, MD Author
Assistant Professor, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston
Pregnancy Complicated by Disease
Marcy B. Bolster, MD Author
Division of Rheumatology, Massachusetts General Hospital
Osteoporosis
Herbert L. Bonkovsky
Professor of MedicineCarolinas Health Care System, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and University of Connecticut Health Sciences Center
Porphyrias
Charles D. Bortle, EdD Author
Director of Logistics and Field Operations, Department of Emergency Medicine, Albert Einstein Medical Center
Respiratory Arrest
Ann S. Botash, MD Author
Professor of Pediatrics, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University
Child Maltreatment
Alfred A. Bove, MD, PhD Author
Chief of Cardiology, Cardiology Section, Temple University School of Medicine
Injury During Diving or Work in Compressed Air
Thomas G. Boyce, MD, MPH Author
Associate Professor of Pediatrics and Consultant in Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine
Gastroenteritis
Peter C. Brazy, MD Author
Professor of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison
Congenital Renal Transport Abnormalities
George R. Brown, MD Author
Chief of Psychiatry, Mountain home VAMC, Johnson City, TN
Professor and Associate Chairman, Department of Psychiatry, East Tennessee State University
Sexuality and Sexual Disorders
Haywood L. Brown, MD Author
Roy T. Parker Professor and Chair, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center
Normal Pregnancy, Labor, and Delivery
Robert G. Brzyski, MD, PhD Author
Associate Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
Female Reproductive Endocrinology
Rebecca H. Buckley, MD Author
J. Buren Sidbury Professor of Pediatrics and Professor of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine
Immunodeficiency Disorders
Larry M. Bush, MD Author
Associate Clinical Professor of Medicine, University of Miami-Miller School of Medicine/Florida Atlantic University
Chief, Division of Infectious Diseases, JFK Medical Center
Gram-Positive Cocci; Gram-Positive Bacilli
Jerrold T. Bushberg, PhD, DABMP Reviewer
Radiation Exposure and Contamination
Juan R. Bustillo, MD Author
Associate Professor of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, University of New Mexico
Schizophrenia and Related Disorders
David B. Carr, MD Author
Associate Professor of Internal Medicine and Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine–Older Adult Health Center
The Older Driver
Mary T. Caserta, MD Author
Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester School of Medicine
Attending Physician, Golisano Children's Hospital at Strong, University of Rochester Medical Center
Pox Viruses; Enteroviruses; Other Viruses; Infections in Neonates
Bartolome R. Celli, MD Author
Professor of Medicine, Tufts University
Chief, Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Study, St. Elizabeth's Medical Center
Pulmonary Rehabilitation
Michael F. Cellucci, MD Reviewer
Dehydration and Fluid Therapy in Children
Bruce A. Chabner, MD Author
Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School
Clinical Director, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center
Overview of Cancer; Principles of Cancer Therapy
Walter W. Chan, MD, MPH Author
Director, Center for Gastrointestinal Motility, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women's Hospital
Instructor in Medicine, Harvard Medical School
Diagnostic and Therapeutic GI Procedures
Ian M. Chapman, MBBS, PhD Author
Associate Professor of Endocrinology, University of Adelaide, Department of Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital
Pituitary Disorders
Rachel L. Chapman, MD Author
Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, University of Michigan, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital
Approach to the Care of Normal Infants and Children; Caring for Sick Children and Their Families; Perinatal Physiology
Lois Choi-Kain, MD Author
Director, Gunderson Residence of McLean Hospital
Clinical Instructor in Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School
Personality Disorders
Paula J. Clayton, MD Author
Medical Director, American Foundation for Suicide Prevention
Suicidal Behavior
William J. Cochran, MD Author
Vice Chairman, Department of Pediatrics, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, PA
Gastrointestinal Disorders in Neonates and Infants; Congenital Gastrointestinal Anomalies
Alan S. Cohen, MD Author
Distinguished Professor of Medicine (Emeritus), Conrad Wessolhoeft Professor of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine
Editor-in-Chief, Amyloid: The Journal of Protein Folding Disorders
Amyloidosis
Robert B. Cohen, DMD Reviewer
Clinical Associate Professor of Dentistry and Practice Coordinator, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine
Approach to the Dental Patient
Sidney Cohen, MD Reviewer
Professor of Medicine and Director, Research Programs, Thomas Jefferson University
Gastritis and Peptic Ulcer Disease; Bezoars and Foreign Bodies
Kathryn Colby, MD, PhD Author
Associate Professor of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School
Surgeon in Ophthalmology, Cornea Service, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary
Approach to the Ophthalmologic Patient; Symptoms of Ophthalmologic Disorders; Cataract; Eye Trauma
Harold R. Collard Author
Associate Professor, Department of MedicineUniversity of California San Francisco
Interstitial Lung Diseases
Daniel W. Collison, MD Author
Associate Professor of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Dermatology, Dartmouth Medical School
Benign Skin Tumors
Eve R. Colson, MD Author
Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine
Director, Well Newborn Nursery, Yale-New Haven Children's Hospital
Approach to the Care of Normal Infants and Children; Caring for Sick Children and Their Families; Perinatal Physiology
Mary Ann Cooper, MD Author
Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago
Electrical and Lightning Injuries
William Coryell, MD Author
George Winokur Professor of Psychiatry, University of Iowa
Mood Disorders
Bryan D. Cowan, MD Author
Professor and Chairman, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Mississippi Medical Center
Uterine Fibroids
Ricardo Cruciani, MD, PhD Author
Clinical Assistant and Professor, Department of Neurology and Anesthesiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine
Director, Research Division, Department of Pain Medicine and Palliative Care, Beth Israel Medical Center
Neurotransmission
Burke A. Cunha, MD Author
Professor of Medicine, State University of New York School of Medicine, Stony Brook
Chief, Infectious Disease Division, Winthrop-University Hospital, Mineola
Gram-Negative Bacilli; Spirochetes
Emmett T. Cunningham, Jr., MD, PhD, MPH Author
Professor of Ophthalmology, Stanford University
Director, The Uveitis Service, California Pacific Medical Center and Clinic
Uveitis and Related Disorders
Drew C. Cutler, MD Author
Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine
Cystic Kidney Disease
Patricia A. Daly, MD Author
Visiting Assistant Professor of Medicine, University of Virginia
Clinical Endocrinologist, Front Royal Internal Medicine, VA
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN) Syndromes
Daniel F. Danzl, MD Author
Professor and Chair, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine
Cold Injury
Norman L. Dean, MD Author
Fellow (Emeritus), American College of Chest Physicians
Lifetime Fellow, American College of Physicians
Drowning
Peter J. Delves, PhD Author
Professor of Immunology, Department of Immunology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
Biology of the Immune System; Allergic, Autoimmune, and Other Hypersensitivity Disorders
Marc A. de Moya Author
Assisting Visiting SurgeonMassachusetts General Hospital, Division of Trauma, Emergency Surgery & Critical Care
Assistant Professor of SurgeryHarvard Medical School
Shock and Fluid Resuscitation
Ara DerMarderosian, PhD Reviewer
Professor of Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Chemistry, Roth Chair of Natural Products, Scientific Director, Complementary and Alternative Medicine Institute, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia
Dietary Supplements
Deepinder K. Dhaliwal, MD Author
Director, Cornea & Refractive Surgery Services, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh Eye Center
Associate Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
Refractive Error
A. Damian Dhar, MD, JD Reviewer
Bacterial Skin Infections
Michael C. DiMarino, MD Author
Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University
Esophageal and Swallowing Disorders; Diverticular Disease
James G. H. Dinulos, MD Author
Adjunct Associate Professor of Surgery (Dermatology), Dartmouth Medical School
Cornification Disorders; Parasitic Skin Infections; Viral Skin Diseases
Caroline Carney Doebbeling, MD, MSc Author
Chief Executive Officer, Cetan Health Consultants LLC, Indianapolis, IN
Chief Medical Officer, MDwise, Inc., Indianapolis, IN
Approach to the Patient With Mental Symptoms
Karl Doghramji, MD Author
Professor of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Medicine, and Medical Director, Jefferson Sleep Disorders Center, Thomas Jefferson University
Sleep and Wakefulness Disorders
James D. Douketis, MD Author
Professor of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, St. Joseph Hospital Healthcare, Ontario
Lymphatic Disorders
Daniel A. Doyle, MD Author
Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University
Division of Endocrinology, A.I. duPont Children's Hospital
Growth and Development
Antonette T. Dulay, MD Author
Assistant Professor, Maternal-Fetal Medicine Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine
Abnormalities of Pregnancy
Jeffrey S. Dungan, MD Author
Associate Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine
Prenatal Genetic Counseling and Evaluation
Derrick A. Dupre, MD Author
Department of Neurological Surgery, Allegheny General Hospital
Spinal Trauma
Soumitra R. Eachempati, MD Author
Associate Professor of Surgery and Public Health, Weill Cornell Medical College
Approach to the Critically Ill Patient
Megan A. Economidis, MD Author
Associate Director, Fellowship in Family Planning, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
Family Planning
Esther Eisenberg, MD Author
Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
Medical Officer, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
Endometriosis
Sherman Elias, MD Author
John J. Sciarra Professor and Chair, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; Chairman, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Prentice Women's Hospital of Northwestern Memorial Hospital
John J. Sciarra Professor and Chair, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine
Chairman, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Prentice Women's Hospital of Northwestern Memorial Hospital
Prenatal Genetic Counseling and Evaluation
Alberto Espay Author
Associate Professor, Department of NeurologyUniversity of Cincinnati
Movement and Cerebellar Disorders
B. Mark Evers Author
Professor and Vice-Chairman of Research, Department of Surgery and Director, Markey Cancer CenterUniversity of Kentucky
Carcinoid Tumors
Christopher Fecarotta, MD Author
Eye Defects and Conditions in Children
Norah C. Feeny, PhD Author
Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, Case Western Reserve University
Medical Examination of the Rape Victim
Teodoro Ernesto Figueroa, MD Author
Chief, Division of Pediatric Urology, Alfred I. duPont Nemours Hospital for Children
Clinical Associate Professor of Urology, Thomas Jefferson University
Incontinence in Children
Michael C. Fiore, MD, MPH, MBA Author
Professor of Medicine, University of Wisconsin Medical School and Public Health
Director, niversity of Wisconsin Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention
Smoking Cessation
Chin-To Fong, MD Author
Associate Professor of Pediatrics and Medicine, Biochemistry & Biophysics, Medical Humanities and Dentistry and Chief, Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry
Inherited Disorders of Metabolism
Steven D. Freedman, MD, PhD Author
Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School
Director, The Pancreas Center, and Chief, Division of Translational Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
Pancreatitis
Marvin P. Fried, MD Author
Professor and University Chairman, Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head & Neck Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine
Approach to the Patient With Nasal and Pharyngeal Symptoms; Nose and Paranasal Sinus Disorders
Dmitry Gabrilovich, MD, PhD Author
Christopher M. Davis Professor in Cancer Research, Program Leader, Translational Tumor Immunology, The Wistar Institute
Tumor Immunology
Pierluigi Gambetti, MD Author
Professor and Director, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Institute of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Case Western Reserve University
Prion Diseases
Sunir J. Garg, MD, FACS Author
Assistant Surgeon, The Retina Service of Wills Eye Institute
Associate Professor of Ophthalmology, Thomas Jefferson University
Retinal Disorders
James Garrity, MD Author
Whitney and Betty MacMillan Professor of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic
Eyelid and Lacrimal Disorders; Optic Nerve Disorders; Orbital Diseases
Brian K. Gehlbach, MD Author
Assistant Professor of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Chicago
Respiratory Failure and Mechanical Ventilation
David M. Gershenson, MD Author
Professor and Chairman, Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
Gynecologic Tumors
Elias A. Giraldo, MD, MS Author
Associate Professor and Director, Hahnemann University Hospital Stroke Program, Department of Neurology, Drexel University College of Medicine
Stroke (CVA)
Anne Carol Goldberg, MD Author
Associate Professor of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine
Lipid Disorders
Stephen E. Goldfinger, MD Author
Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School
Physician, Massachusetts General Hospital
Hereditary Periodic Fever Syndromes
Hector A. Gonzalez-Usigli, MD Author
Fellow, Division of Neurology, University of Cincinnati
Movement and Cerebellar Disorders
M. Jay Goodkind, MD Author
Associate Professor (Emeritus) of Clinical Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
Chief of Cardiology (Retired), Mercer Medical Center
Cardiac Tumors
Carmen E. Gota, MD Author
Staff Physician, Department of Rheumatology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation
Vasculitis
Norton J. Greenberger, MD Reviewer
Clinical Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School
Senior Physician, Brigham and Women's Hospital
Symptoms of GI Disorders; Approach to the GI Patient
John E. Greenlee, MD Reviewer
Brain Infections; Meningitis
John H. Greist, MD Author
Clinical Professor of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health
Distinguished Senior Scientist, Madison Institute of Medicine, Inc.
Anxiety Disorders
Ashley B. Grossman, MD, FRCP, FMedSci Author
Professor of Endocrinology, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford
Adrenal Disorders
Ravindu Gunatilake Author
Assistant Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal MedicineUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center
Drugs in Pregnancy
John G. Gunderson, MD Author
Professor of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School
Director, Psychosocial and Personality Research, Borderline Personality Disorder Center, McLean Hospital
Personality Disorders
Rula A. Hajj-ali, MD Author
Staff Physician, Center of Vasculitis Care and Research, Department of Rheumatic and Immunologic Disease, Cleveland Clinic Foundation
Autoimmune Rheumatic Disorders
Jesse B. Hall, MD Author
Professor of Medicine, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care and Section Chief, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Chicago
Respiratory Failure and Mechanical Ventilation
Judith G. Hall, MD Author
Professor Emeritus of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia
General Principles of Medical Genetics
John W. Hallett, Jr., MD Author
Clinical Professor of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina
Medical Director and Vascular Surgeon, Roper St. Francis Heart and Vascular Center
Diseases of the Aorta and Its Branches; Peripheral Arterial Disorders
Kevin C. Hazen, PhD Author
Professor of Pathology and Director of Clinical Microbiology, Duke University Health System
Laboratory Diagnosis of Infectious Disease
R. Phillips Heine, MD Author
Associate Professor and Director, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University
Approach to the Pregnant Woman and Prenatal Care; Symptoms During Pregnancy
Melissa R. Held, MD Author
Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine
Director, Inpatient Pediatrics Clerkship, Connecticut Children's Medical Center
Approach to the Care of Normal Infants and Children
Susan L. Hendrix, DO Reviewer
Clinical Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Michigan State University School of Osteopathic Medicine
Partner, Hutzel Women's Hospital at the Detroit Medical Center
Menopause
Steven K. Herrine, MD Author
Professor of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Thomas Jefferson University
Assistant Dean for Academic Affairs, Jefferson Medical College
Approach to the Patient With Liver Disease; Drugs and the Liver; Liver Masses and Granulomas
Jerome M. Hershman, MD Reviewer
Thyroid Disorders
Martin Hertl, MD, PhD Author
Assistant Professor of Surgery, Harvard Medical School
Surgical Director, Liver Transplantation Program, Massachusetts General Hospital
Transplantation
Lyall A. J. Higginson, MD Author
Professor of Medicine, University of Ottawa Heart Institute
Symptoms of Cardiovascular Disorders
Irvin H. Hirsch, MD Author
Clinical Professor of Urology, Department of Urology, Thomas Jefferson University
Male Reproductive Endocrinology and Related Disorders; Male Sexual Dysfunction
Brian D. Hoit, MD Author
Professor of Medicine and Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University
Director of Echocardiography, Harrington-McLaughlin Heart and Vascular Center, University Hospitals, Case Medical Center
Pericarditis
Juebin Huang, MD, PhD Author
Associate Professor, Department of Neurology, The University of Mississippi Medical Center
Delirium and Dementia
Wendy W. Huang, MD, PhD Author
Eye Defects and Conditions in Children
Daniel A. Hussar, PhD Reviewer
Factors Affecting Response to Drugs; Concepts in Pharmacotherapy
Michael Jacewicz, MD Reviewer
Professor of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center
Assistant Chief of Neurology, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Memphis
Symptoms of Joint Disorders
Harry S. Jacob, MD Author
Professor of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School
Editor-in-Chief, Hematology/Oncology Today
Spleen Disorders
Jon A. Jacobson, MD Author
Associate Professor of Radiology, University of Michigan
Principles of Radiologic Imaging
Navin Jaipaul, MD, MHS Author
Associate Professor of Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine
Attending Nephrologist, VA Loma Linda Healthcare System
Glomerular Disorders; Tubulointerstitial Diseases
Larry E. Johnson, MD, PhD Author
Associate Professor of Geriatrics and Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
Attending Physician, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System
Vitamin Deficiency, Dependency, and Toxicity; Mineral Deficiency and Toxicity
Robert G. Johnson, MD Author
C. Rollins Hanlon Professor and Chair, Department of Surgery, Saint Louis University School of Medicine
Care of the Surgical Patient
Brian D. Johnston Reviewer
Sports Injury; Exercise
Hugh F. Johnston, MD Author
Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry and Office of Continuing Medical Education, University of Wisconsin Medical School
Medical Director, Bureau of Mental Health and Substance Abuse
Mental Disorders in Children and Adolescents
Thomas V. Jones, MD, MPH Author
Director, Inflammatory Diseases, Specialty Care Unit, Pfizer
Motion Sickness
Jaime Jordan Author
Department of Emergency MedicineHarbor-UCLA Medical Center
Approach to the Trauma Patient
Nicholas Jospe, MD Author
Professor of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry
Metabolic, Electrolyte, and Toxic Disorders in Neonates; Endocrine Disorders in Children
Michael J. Joyce, MD Author
Associate Clinical Professor, Orthopaedic Surgery, Case Western Reserve University
Orthopaedic Surgeon, Cleveland Clinic
Tumors of Bones and Joints
James O. Judge, MD Author
Assistant Associate Clinical Professor of Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine
Medical Direcgtor, Evercare Connecticut
Gait Disorders in the Elderly
Anand D. Kantak, MD Author
Clinical Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Northeastern Ohio Universities Colleges of Medicine and Pharmacology, Rootstown
Director, Division of Neonatology, Akron Children's Hospital
Respiratory Disorders in Neonates, Infants, and Young Children
Daniel B. Kaplan, MSW Author
Doctoral Student, Columbia University School of Social Work
Program Evaluator, Hartford Faculty Scholars Program
Social Issues in the Elderly; Elder Abuse
Kenneth M. Kaye, MD Author
Assistant Professor, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School
Viruses; Herpesviruses; Arboviridae, Arenaviridae, and Filoviridae
James W. Kendig, MD Author
Professor of Pediatrics, Penn State University College of Medicine
Perinatal Problems
Bradley W. Kesser, MD Author
Associate Professor, Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine
External Ear Disorders
Preeti Kishore, MD Author
Assistant Professor of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine
Diabetes Mellitus and Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism
James P. Knochel, MD Author
Clinical Professor of Internal Medicine, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas
Past Chairman, Department of Internal Medicine, Presbyterian Hospital of Dallas
Heat Illness
Jennifer Knudtson Author
Clinical Instructor, Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility Fellow Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
Female Reproductive Endocrinology
David N. Korones, MD Author
Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Oncology, and Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center
Pediatric Cancers
Daniela Kroshinsky, MD, MPH Author
Dermatology Associate, Massachusetts General Hospital
Pressure Ulcers
David J. Kuter Author
ProfessorHarvard Medical School
Director, Center for HematologyMassachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center
Thrombocytopenia and Platelet Dysfunction; Bleeding Due to Abnormal Blood Vessels
Jules Y. T. Lam, MD, FRCP(C) Author
Associate Professor of Medicine, University of Montreal
Cardiologist, Montreal Heart Institute
Arteriosclerosis
Lewis Landsberg, MD Author
Irving S. Cutter Professor of Medicine and Dean (Emeritus), Northwestern University
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN) Syndromes
Jennifer Le, PharmD, BCPS-ID Author
Associate Professor of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California San Diego, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Pharmacokinetics
Noah Lechtzin, MD, MHS Author
Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Approach to the Pulmonary Patient; Symptoms of Pulmonary Disorders; Diagnostic Pulmonary Procedures
Mathew H. M. Lee, MD Author
Howard A. Rusk Professor of Rehabilitation Medicine and Chairman, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, New York University School of Medicine
Rehabilitation
Joseph R. Lentino, MD, PhD Author
Professor of Medicine, Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine
Chief, Infectious Diseases, Hines VA Hospital
Anaerobic Bacteria
Michael C. Levin, MD Reviewer
Professor of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center
Approach to the Neurologic Patient
Wendy S. Levinbook, MD Author
Private Practice, Hartford Dermatology Associates
Hair Disorders
Matthew E. Levison, MD Reviewer
Adjunct Professor of Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine
Professor School of Public Health, Drexel University
Bacteria and Antibacterial Drugs
Richard Levitan, MD Author
Associate Professor of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson Univerity Hospitals
President, Airway Cam Tech, Inc.
Respiratory Arrest
Sharon Levy, MD, MPH Author
Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School
Center for Adolescent Substance Abuse Research, Children's Hospital, Boston
Approach to the Care of Adolescents
James L. Lewis, III, MD Author
Nephrology Associates, P.C. of Birmingham
Fluid Metabolism; Electrolyte Disorders; Acid-Base Regulation and Disorders
Alan E. Lichtin, MD Author
Staff Hematologist-Oncologist, Cleveland Clinic
Associate Professor, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine
Approach to the Patient With Anemia; Anemias Caused by Deficient Erythropoiesis; Anemias Caused by Hemolysis
Paul L. Liebert, MD Author
Private Practice, Tomah Memorial Hospital, Tomah, WI
Sports Injury
Richard W. Light, MD Author
Professor of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
Mediastinal and Pleural Disorders
Gregory S. Liptak, MD, MPH Author
Professor of Pediatrics and Director, Center for Development, Behavior, and Genetics, Upstate Medical University
Congenital Craniofacial and Musculoskeletal Abnormalities; Congenital Neurologic Anomalies
Jeffrey M. Lipton, MD, PhD Author
Chief, Hematology/Oncology, Schneider Children's Hospital
Professor of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine
Histiocytic Syndromes
Elliot M. Livstone, MD Author
Attending Physician, Sarasota Memorial Hospital, Sarasota, FL
Tumors of the GI Tract
Phillip Low, MD Author
Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Professor of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine
Autonomic Nervous System
Lawrence R. Lustig, MD Author
Francis A. Sooy, MD, Professor in Otolaryngology, Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of California San Francisco
Division Chief of Otology & Neurotology, University of California San Francisco
Inner Ear Disorders
Joanne Lynn, MD, MA, MS Reviewer
The Dying Patient
Robert J. MacNeal, MD Author
Assistant Professor, Department of General Internal Medicine and Section of Dermatology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center
Approach to the Dermatologic Patient; Reactions to Sunlight
Vinaya Maddukuri, MD Author
Fellow in Advanced Hepatology and Clinical and Translational Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Carolinas Medical Center
Porphyrias
Marcella A. Madera, MD Author
Instructor, Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
Kenneth Maiese, MD Author
Professor and Chair, Cellular and Molecular Signaling, Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Jersey Health Sciences University
Coma and Impaired Consciousness
Darren Malinoski, MD Author
Associate Professor, Department of Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University
Chief, Section of Surgical Critical Care, Portland VA Medical Center
Abdominal Trauma
John T. McBride, MD Author
Professor of Pediatrics, Northeastern Ohio Universities Colleges of Medicine and Pharmacology, Rootstown
Vice-Chair, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital
Respiratory Disorders in Neonates, Infants, and Young Children
Margaret C. McBride, MD Author
Professor of Pediatrics (Neurology), Northeastern Ohio Universities Colleges of Medicine and Pharmacology, Rootstown
Director, Neurodevelopmental Center, Akron Children's Hospital
Neurologic Disorders in Children; Neurocutaneous Syndromes
J. Allen McCutchan, MD, MSc Author
Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV); Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)
Douglas L. McGee, DO Author
Director, Emergency Medicine Residency Program, Albert Einstein Medical Center
Chief Academic Officer, Albert Einsterin Healthcare Network
Clinical Decision Making
Robert S. McKelvie, MD, PhD, MSc Author
Professor of Medicine, McMaster University
Medical Director, Cardiac Health and Rehabilitation Center
Sports and the Heart
Karen McKoy, MD, MPH Reviewer
Senior Staff, Department of Dermatology, Lahey Clinic Medical Center
Principles of Topical Dermatologic Therapy; Acne and Related Disorders; Dermatitis
James I. McMillan, MD Reviewer
Acute Kidney Injury; Chronic Kidney Disease; Renal Replacement Therapy; Renal Transport Abnormalities
S. Gene McNeeley, MD Reviewer
Chief of Gynecology, Hutzel Women's Hospital
Clinical Professor, Michigan State University, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Hutzel Women's Health Specialists
Benign Gynecologic Lesions; Pelvic Relaxation Syndromes
Noshir R. Mehta, DMD, MDS, MS Author
Professor and Director, Craniofacial Pain Center; Associate Dean, Global Relations, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine
Temporomandibular Disorders
Matthew C. Miles Author
Assistant Professor of Medicine, Pulmonary Disease, and Critical CareWake Forest School of Medicine
Asthma and Related Disorders
Daniel R. Mishell, Jr., MD Author
The Lyle G. McNeile Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
Chief Physician, Women's and Children's Hospital, Los Angeles County and University of Southern California Medical Center
Family Planning
L. Brent Mitchell, MD Author
Professor and Head, Department of Cardiac Sciences, University of Calgary
Director, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Calgary Health Region and University of Calgary
Arrhythmias and Conduction Disorders
Richard T. Miyamoto, MD Author
Arilla Spence DeVault Professor and Chairman, Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine
Middle Ear and Tympanic Membrane Disorders
Joel L. Moake, MD Author
Senior Research Scientist, Rice University
Professor of Medicine (Emeritus), Baylor College of Medicine
Hemostasis; Thrombotic Disorders; Coagulation Disorders
Julie S. Moldenhauer, MD Author
Medical Director, The Special Delivery Unit, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
Abnormalities and Complications of Labor and Delivery; Postpartum Care and Associated Disorders
John E. Morley, MB, BCh Reviewer
Undernutrition; Principles of Endocrinology
Angela Cafiero Moroney, PharmD Author
Senior Clinical Science Manager, Renal CSM Organization, Global Medical Affairs, GPRD, AbbVie, Inc
Pharmacodynamics
Alex Moroz, MD, FACP Author
Assistant Professor, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, New York University School of Medicine
Director of Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Unit and Director of Residency Training and Medical Education, Rusk Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine
Rehabilitation
Sam P. Most, MD Author
Chief, Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University
Facial Trauma
David F. Murchison, DDS, MMS Reviewer
Clinical Professor, Texas A & M Health Science Center, Baylor College of Dentistry
Senior Lecturer, University of Texas at Dallas
Symptoms of Dental and Oral Disorders; Dental Emergencies
Carlene A. Muto, MD, MS Author
Assistant Professor, Medicine and Epidemiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
Medical Director of Infection Control, Donald D. Wolff, Jr., Center for Quality Improvement and Innovation, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Health System
Neisseriaceae
Raj K. Narayan, MD Author
Frank H. Mayfield Professor and Chairman, The Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Mayfield Clinic
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
Edward A. Nardell, MD Author
Associate Professor, Harvard Medical School, Harvard School of Public Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital
Mycobacteria
John H. Newman, MD Author
Elsa S. Hanigan Professor of Pulmonary Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine
Pulmonary Embolism; Pulmonary Hypertension
Lee S. Newman, MD, MA Author
Professor, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health and Department of Medicine, University of Colorado at Denver
Sarcoidosis; Environmental Pulmonary Diseases
Jennifer R. Niebyl, MD Author
Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine
Conception and Prenatal Development
Mary Lynn R. Nierodzik, MD Author
Associate Professor, New York University School of Medicine
Chief, Hematology/Oncology, Bellevue Hospital Center
Eosinophilic Disorders
John K. Niparko, MD Author
Associate Professor, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Hearing Loss
James M. O'Brien, Jr., MD, MSc Author
Associate Professor, Center for Critical Care, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University Medical Center
Tests of Pulmonary Function (PFT)
Patrick G. O'Connor, MD, MPH Author
Professor of Medicine; Chief, Section of General Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine
Drug Use and Dependence
Robert E O'Connor, MD, MPH Author
Professor and Chair of Emergency Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine
Cardiac Arrest
Gerald F. O'Malley, DO Author
Associate Professor of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University and Hospital
Poisoning
Rika O'Malley, MD Author
Poisoning
James T. Pacala, MD, MS Author
Associate Professor and Distinguished University Teaching Professor, Family Practice and Community Health, University of Minnesota Medical School
Prevention of Disease and Disability in the Elderly
Steven A. Paget, MD Author
Professor of Medicine and Physician in Chief, Division of Rheumatology, Hospital for Special Surgery and Weill Medical College of Cornell University
Approach to the Patient With Joint Disease
Elizabeth J. Palumbo, MD Author
Private Practice, The Pediatric Group, Fairfax, VA
Miscellaneous Disorders in Infants and Children
David M. Pariser
Professor, Department of DermatologyEastern Virginia Medical School
Sweating Disorders
Roy A. Patchell, MD Author
Intracranial and Spinal Tumors
Avinash S. Patil Author
Fellow, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, and Fellow, Duke Clinical ResearchDuke University Medical Center
Drugs in Pregnancy
David A. Paul, MD Author
Professor of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University Medical College
Attending Neonatologist, Christiana Care Health System
Perinatal Hematologic Disorders
Richard D. Pearson, MD Author
Professor of Medicine and Pathology, Associate Dean for Student Affairs, University of Virginia School of Medicine
Approach to Parasitic Infections; Nematodes (Roundworms); Trematodes (Flukes); Cestodes (Tapeworms); Intestinal Protozoa; Extraintestinal Protozoa
Lawrence L. Pelletier, Jr., MD Author
Professor, Internal Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine
Staff Physician, Robert J. Dole VA Medical and Regional Office Center, Wichita
Professor, Internal Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine
Endocarditis
Maria T. Perez, MD Author
Associate Pathologist, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, , Wellington Regional Medical Center, West Palm Beach
Gram-Positive Cocci; Gram-Positive Bacilli
Frank Pessler, MD, PhD Author
Pediatric Rheumatologist, Klinik und Polyklinik für Kinder und Jagendmedizin, Medizinische Fakultät Carl-Gustav-Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
Rheumatic Fever; Connective Tissue Disorders in Children; Bone Disorders in Children; Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Stephen P. Peters, MD, PhD Author
Professor of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Translational Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine
Associate Director, Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest Health Sciences
Asthma and Related Disorders
William A. Petri, Jr., MD, PhD Author
Wade Hampton Frost Professor of Epidemiology and Chief, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia School of Medicine
Rickettsiae and Related Organisms
Katharine A. Phillips, MD Author
Professor of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Butler Hosital and The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University
Somatoform and Factitious Disorders
JoAnn V. Pinkerton, MD Author
Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Director, Division of Midlife Health, University of Virginia Health System
Menstrual Abnormalities
Russell K. Portenoy, MD Author
Professor of Neurology and Anesthesiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine
Chairman, Department of Pain Medicine and Palliative Care, Beth Israel Medical Center
Pain
Carol S. Portlock, MD Author
Professor of Clinical Medicine, Weill Cornell University Medical College
Attending Physician, Lymphoma Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center
Lymphomas
Nina N. Powell-Hamilton, MD Author
Medical Genetics, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children
Chromosomal Anomalies
Josef T. Prchal, MD Author
Professor of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Utah; George E. Wahlen VA Medical Center
Myeloproliferative Disorders
Glenn M. Preminger, MD Author
Director, Duke Comprehensive Kidney Stone Center, Duke University Medical Center
Professor and Chief, Duke University Medical Center
Obstructive Uropathy; Urinary Calculi
Sally Pullman-Mooar, MD Author
Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Pennsylvania
Chief, Department of Rheumatology, Philadelphia VA Medical Center
Neck and Back Pain
Ronald Rabinowitz, MD Author
Professor of Urology and Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry
Chief of Pediatric Urology, Strong Memorial and Rochester General Hospitals
Congenital Renal and Genitourinary Anomalies
Pedro T. Ramirez, MD Author
Professor, Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
Gynecologic Tumors
Robert W. Rebar, MD Author
Executive Director, American Society for Reproductive Medicine
Volunteer Clinical Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama, Birmingham
Infertility
Wingfield E. Rehmus, MD, MPH Author
Clinical Assistant Professor, University of British Columbia
Hypersensitivity and Inflammatory Disorders; Nail Disorders
Douglas J. Rhee, MD Author
Assistant Professor, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School
Glaucoma
Candido E. Rivera Author
Division of Hematology and OncologyMayo Clinic
Iron Overload
Melvin I. Roat, MD, FACS Reviewer
Clinical Associate Professor, Wills Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University
Conjunctival and Scleral Disorders; Corneal Disorders
James R. Roberts, MD Reviewer
Professor and Vice Chairman, Department of Emergency Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine
Chair, Department of Emergency Medicine and Director, Division of Toxicology, Mercy Catholic Medical Center
Fractures, Dislocations, and Sprains
Beryl J. Rosenstein, MD Author
Professor of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and Johns Hopkins Hospital, Cystic Fibrosis Center
Cystic Fibrosis (CF)
Steven Rosenzweig, MD Author
Clinical Associate Professor, Drexel University College of Medicine
Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Fred H. Rubin, MD Author
Chair, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center-Shadyside
Professor of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
Immunization
Michael Rubin, MDCM Author
Professor of Clinical Neurology, Weill Cornell Medical College
Director, Neuromuscular Service and EMG Laboratory, New York Presbyterian Hospital-Cornell Medical Center
Neuro-ophthalmologic and Cranial Nerve Disorders; Craniocervical Junction Abnormalities; Peripheral Nervous System and Motor Unit Disorders; Spinal Cord Disorders; Inherited Muscular Disorders
Atenodoro R. Ruiz, Jr., MD Author
Attending Physician, Department of Medicine Gastroenterology, Kaiser-Permanente, Santa Clara
Malabsorption Syndromes
J. Mark Ruscin, PharmD Author
Professor, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville School of Pharmacy
Drug Therapy in the Elderly
Julie E. Russak, MD Author
Melanoma Fellow, Rigel Dermatology (Private Practice Associated with New York University Medical Center)
Bullous Diseases
Paul S. Russell, MD Author
John Homans Distinguished Professor of Surgery, Harvard Medical School
Senior Surgeon, Massachusetts General Hospital
Transplantation
Anna E. Rutherford, MD, MPH Author
Hepatitis
Lawrence M. Ryan, MD Author
Professor of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin
Crystal-Induced Arthritides
Michael E. Rytting Author
Associate ProfessorUniversity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Leukemia
Associate ProfessorUniversity of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer, Division of Pediatrics, Patient Care, Section of Leukemia/Lymphoma
Leukemias
Charles Sabatino, JD Author
Adjunct Professor, Georgetown University Law Center
Director, Commission on Law and Aging, American Bar Association
Medicolegal Issues
David B. Sachar, MD Author
Clinical Professor of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Director (Emeritus), Dr. Henry D. Janovitz Division of Gastroenterology, The Mount Sinai Hospital
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
Seyed-Ali Sadjadi, MD Reviewer
Associate Professor of Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine
Approach to the Genitourinary Patient; Symptoms of Genitourinary Disorders; Genitourinary Tests and Procedures; Renovascular Disorders
Scott Samuelson, MD Author
Instructor of Medicine, Hematology Division, University of Utah
Attending Physician, Utah Cancer Specialists
Myeloproliferative Disorders
Christopher Sanford, MD, MPH, DTM&H Author
Associate Professor, Department of Family Medicine, University of Washington
Associate Professor, Department of Global Health, University of Washington
Medical Aspects of Travel
Ravindra Sarode, MD Author
Professor of Pathology and Director, Transfusion Medicine and Hemostasis Laboratory, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas
Transfusion Medicine
Clarence T. Sasaki, MD Author
The Charles W. Oshe Professor of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine
President, American Laryngological Association
Associate Editor, Dysphagia
Oral and Pharyngeal Disorders; Laryngeal Disorders
Erik Schaffer, CP Author
President, A Step Ahead Prosthetics, Hicksville, NY
Limb Prosthetics
Peter C. Schalock, MD Author
Instructor in Dermatology, Harvard Medical School
Assistant in Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital
Psoriasis and Scaling Diseases; Pigmentation Disorders
Steven Schmitt, MD Author
Head, Section of Bone and Joint Infections, Department of Infectious Disease, Cleveland Clinic
Infections of Joints and Bones
Marvin I. Schwarz, MD Author
The James C. Campbell Professor of Pulmonary Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver
Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage and Pulmonary-Renal Syndrome
Eldon A. Shaffer, MD Author
Professor of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary
Testing for Hepatic and Biliary Disorders; Alcoholic Liver Disease; Fibrosis and Cirrhosis; Vascular Disorders of the Liver; Gallbladder and Bile Duct Disorders
Stewart Shankel, MD Reviewer
Clinical Professor of Medicine and Director of Clinical Medicine, University of California, Riverside
Urinary Tract Infections (UTI)
Michael J. Shea, MD Author
Professor of Internal Medicine, Section Head, Cardiovascular Medicine Outpatient Services and Clinical Evaluation, University of Michigan Health Systems
Cardiovascular Tests and Procedures
Patrick J. Shenot, MD Author
Associate Professor of Urology, Thomas Jefferson University
Voiding Disorders; Penile and Scrotal Disorders
David D. Sherry, MD Author
Professor of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania
Director, Clinical Rheumatology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
Rheumatic Fever; Connective Tissue Disorders in Children; Bone Disorders in Children; Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Stephen D. Silberstein, MD Author
Director, Jefferson Headache Center, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital
Professor of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University
Headache
Daphne Simeon, MD Author
Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Dissociative Disorders
Adam J. Singer, MD Author
Professor and Vice Chairman for Research, Department of Emergency Medicine, Stony Brook University and Medical Center
Lacerations
Richard V. Smith, MD Author
Vice Chair, Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine
Director, Head & Neck Service, Montefiore Medical Center
Tumors of the Head and Neck
David E. Soper, MD Author
Professor and Vice Chairman for Clinical Affairs, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of South Carolina
Vaginitis, Cervicitis, and Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
David R. Steinberg, MD Author
Associate Professor, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Director, Hand & Upper Extremity Fellowship, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania
Hand Disorders
Marvin E. Steinberg, MD Author
Professor (Emeritus) of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
Osteonecrosis
Lauren Strazzula, BA Author
Dermatology Associate, Massachusetts General Hospital
Pressure Ulcers
Kingman P. Strohl, MD Author
Professor of Medicine, Oncology, Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University Hospitals Case Medical Center
Director, Center for Sleep Disorders Research, Case Western Reserve University
Sleep Apnea
Albert J. Stunkard, MD Author
Professor of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
Eating Disorders
Alan M. Sugar, MD Author
Professor of Medicine (Emeritus), Boston University School of Medicine
Medical Director, Infectious Disease Clinical Services and HIV/AIDS Program, Cape Cod Healthcare
Fungi
Stephen Brian Sulkes, MD Author
Professor of Pediatrics, Division of Neurodevelopmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Golisano Children's Hospital at Strong, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry
Behavioral Concerns and Problems in Children; Learning and Developmental Disorders
Geeta K. Swamy, MD Author
Associate Professor, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center
Approach to the Pregnant Woman and Prenatal Care; Symptoms During Pregnancy
David A. Swanson, MD Author
Clinical Professor, Department of Urology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
Genitourinary Cancer
Paul H. Tanser, MD Reviewer
Professor of Medicine (Emeritus), McMaster University
Medical Cardiologist, North Shore and Waitakere Hospitals, Auckland
Medical Consultant, North Shore and Waitakere Hospitals, Aukland
Approach to the Cardiac Patient
Syed H. Tariq, MD Author
Fellow, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine
Polyglandular Deficiency Syndromes
Joan B. Tarloff, PhD Author
Professor, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia
Adverse Drug Reactions
Mary Territo, MD Author
Professor of Medicine, Director of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, University of California, Los Angeles
Neutropenia and Lymphocytopenia
David R. Thomas, MD Reviewer
Nutritional Support
Elizabeth Chabner Thompson, MD, MPH Author
Private Practice, New York Group for Plastic Surgery
Overview of Cancer; Principles of Cancer Therapy
Shelly D. Timmons, MD, PhD Author
Assistant Professor and Chief of Neurotrauma Division, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Tennessee College of Medicine
Private Practice, Semmes-Murphey Neurologic & Spine Institute
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
Amal Trivedi, MD, MPH Author
Assistant Professor of Community Health, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University
Investigator, REAP On Outcomes and Quality in Chronic Disease and Rehabilitation, Providence VA Medical Center
Financial Issues in Health Care; Funding Health Care for the Elderly
Anne S. Tsao, MD Author
Associate Professor, Director, Mesothelioma Program; Director, Thoracic Chemo-radiation Program, Department of Thoracic/Head & Neck Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center
Tumors of the Lungs
Debara L. Tucci, MD, MS Author
Associate Professor of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Duke University Medical Center
Approach to the Patient With Ear Problems
Allan R. Tunkel, MD, PhD Author
Chair, Department of Medicin, Monmouth Medical Center
Professor of Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine
Biology of Infectious Disease
Ronald B. Turner, MD Author
Professor of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine
Respiratory Viruses
Alexander G.G. Turpie, MD Author
Professor of Medicine, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences General Hospital
Peripheral Venous Disorders
James T. Ubertalli, DMD Author
Assistant Clinical Professor, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine
Private Practice, Hingham, MA
Common Dental Disorders; Periodontal Disorders
Victor G. Vogel, MD, MHS Author
National Vice President for Research, American Cancer Society
Breast Disorders
Aaron E. Walfish, MD Author
Clinical Assistant Attending, Division of Digestive Diseases, Beth Israel Medical Center
Clinical Instructor, Mount Sinai Medical Center
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
James Wayne Warnica, MD Author
Coronary Artery Disease
Max Harry Weil, MD, PhD, ScD (Hon) Author
Distinguished University Professor and Founding President, Weil Institute of Critical Care Medicine
Research Professor of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles
Sepsis and Septic Shock
Geoffrey A. Weinberg, MD Author
Director, Pediatric HIV Program, Golisano Children's Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center
Professor of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry
Miscellaneous Infections in Infants and Children; Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection in Infants and Children
Gregory L. Wells, MD Author
Resident in Dermatology, Dartmouth Medical School and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center
Cancers of the Skin
John B. West, MD, PhD, DSc Author
Professor of Medicine and Physiology, University of California, San Diego
Altitude Diseases
Kendrick Alan Whitney, DPM Author
Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine and Orthopedics, Temple University School of Podiatric Medicine
Foot and Ankle Disorders
James E. Wilberger, MD Author
Professor and Chairman, Department of Neurosurgery, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh
Vice Dean, Drexel University College of Medicine
Spinal Trauma
Margaret-Mary G. Wilson, MD Author
Medical Director, Health Services, United Healthcare, Maryland Heights
Nutrition: General Considerations; Syndromes of Uncertain Origin
G. Terence Wilson, PhD Author
Oscar K. Buros Professor of Psychology, Graduate School of Applied and Professional Psychology, Rutgers University
Eating Disorders
Robert A. Wise, MD Author
Professor of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Related Disorders
Steven E. Wolf, MD Author
Professor and Vice-Chairman for Research, Burn Section, Department of Surgery, University of Texas - Southwestern Medical Center
Editor-in-Chief, BURNS
Burns
Adrienne Youdim, MD Author
Director, Medical Weight Loss, Cedars-Sinai Center for Weight Loss
Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome
Contributors to Previous Version of Select Subjects
We recognize the important contributions of the following contributors who were involved with the previous version of a subject that has since undergone an update/revision. The subject(s) that they were responsible for are listed after their affiliations.
Moira L. Aitken, MD
Professor of Medicine, University of Washington
Bronchiectasis
Kenneth C. Anderson, MD
Kraft Family Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School
Chief, Division of Hematologic Neoplasia, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
Plasma Cell Disorders
John A. Astin, PhD
California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco
Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Brian M. Berman, MD
Professor of Family Medicine; Director, Center for Integrative Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine
Complementary and Alternative Medicine
John J. Caronna, MD
Professor of Clinical Neurology and Vice Chairman, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University
Stupor and Coma
Lan X. Chen, MD, PhD
Clinical Assistant Professor and Attending Rheumatologist, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center-Presbyterian and VAMC
Infections of Joints and Bones
William D. Chey, MD, FACG, FACP
Associate Professor, Director of Gastrointestinal Physiology Laboratory, University of Michigan
Bezoars and Foreign Bodies
Jill M. Cholette, MD
Critical Care Pediatrics Fellow, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry
Perinatal Hematologic Disorders
Robert B. Cohen, DMD
Clinical Associate Professor and Practice Coordinator, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine
Facial Trauma; Common Dental Disorders; Dental Emergencies; Approach to the Patient With Nasal, Oral, and Pharyngeal Symptoms
Sidney Cohen, MD
Professor of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital
Esophageal and Swallowing Disorders
Daniel W. Collison, MD
Associate Professor of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Dermatology, Dartmouth Medical School
Pigmentation Disorders; Psoriasis and Scaling Diseases
Ralph E. Cutler, MD
Professor of Medicine (Emeritus), Loma Linda University School of Medicine
Consultant in Nephrology, Loma Linda VAMC
Approach to the Genitourinary Patient; Tubulointerstitial Diseases; Urinary Tract Infections
Johanna P. Daily, MD
Associate Physician, Brigham and Women's Hospital
Instructor, Harvard Medical School
Viruses
Ronald Dee, MD
Associate Clinical Professor of Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx
Peripheral Venous and Lymphatic Disorders
Craig S. Derkay, MD
Professor, Otolaryngology and Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School
Director, Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital of the King's Daughters, Norfolk
Oropharyngeal Disorders
John E. Edwards, Jr., MD
Professor of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA
Fungi
Jan Fawcett, MD
Professor of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico School of Medicine
Mood Disorders
Wayne S. Fenton, MD
Associate Director for Clinical Affairs, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda
Schizophrenia and Related Disorders
Thomas M. File, Jr., MD, MS
Professor of Internal Medicine and Master Teacher, Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine
Chief, Infectious Disease Service, Summa Health System
Gram-Positive Cocci; Gram-Positive Bacilli
Eugene P. Frenkel, MD
Professor of Internal Medicine and Radiology, Patsy R. and Raymond D. Nasher Distinguished Chair in Cancer Research; Elaine Dewey Sammons Distinguished Chair in Cancer Research in honor of Eugene P. Frenkel, MD; and A. Kenneth Pye Professorship in Cancer Research, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas
Spleen Disorders; Anemias Caused by Deficient Erythropoiesis; Anemias Caused by Hemolysis; Approach to the Patient With Anemia; Overview of Cancer
Marvin P. Fried, MD
Professor and University Chairman, Department of Otolaryngology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center
Facial Trauma
Steven M. Fruchtman, MD
Medical Director of Hematology, Tibotec Therapeutics, Bridgewater, NJ
Myeloproliferative Disorders
Marc Galanter, MD
Professor of Psychiatry and Director, Division of Alcoholism and Drug Abuse, New York University
Drug Use and Dependence
Barry Steven Gold, MD
Associate Professor of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Assistant Professor, Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine
Bites and Stings
Steven R. Goldstein, MD
Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York University School of Medicine
Director of Gynecologic Ultrasound, Co-Director, Bone Densitometry, New York University Medical Center
Menstrual Abnormalities
Jerry H. Gurwitz, MD
Chief, Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School
Executive Director, Meyers Primary Care Institute, Worcester
Drug Therapy in the Elderly
Judith G. Hall, Oc, MD, FRCP(C), FAAP, FCCMG, FABMG
Professor Emeritus of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia
Chromosomal Abnormalities
David M. Heimbach, MD
Professor of Surgery, University of Washington Burn Center, Harborview Medical Center
Burns
Michael J. Keating, MBBS
Professor of Medicine, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center
Leukemias
Nancy E. Lanphear, MD
Director of the Developmental Assessment Team for Infants and Toddlers and Pediatric Developmental Specialist, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
Behavioral Concerns and Problems
Harvey Lemont, DPM
Professor, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania College of Podiatric Medicine
Foot and Ankle Disorders
Norma B. Lerner, MD
Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Golisano Children's Hospital at Strong
Perinatal Hematologic Disorders
Charles J. Lockwood, MD
The Anita O'Keefe Young Professor and Chair, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine
Chief, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yale-New Haven Hospital
Abnormalities of Pregnancy
Edward R. Marcantonio, MD
Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School
Director of Research, Division of General Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
Delirium and Dementia
Richard J. Martin, MD
Professor of Medicine, National Jewish Medical and Research Center and University of Colorado Health Sciences Center
Asthma
Daniel Menkes, MD
Associate Professor of Neurology, University of Tennessee, Health Sciences Center at Memphis
Director, Clinical Neurophysiology Service and Winston Wolfe Peripheral Neuropathy Research Laboratory
Seizure Disorders; Peripheral Nervous System Disorders
John E. Morley, MB, BCh
Dammert Professor of Gerontology and Director, Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University Health Sciences Center
Director, Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, St. Louis VA Medical Center
Mineral Deficiency and Toxicity
Lawrence F. Nazarian, MD
Clinical Professor of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry
Physical Growth and Development
Deborah L. Nucatola, MD
Fellow, Family Planning, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
Family Planning
John S. Oghalai, MD
Assistant Professor, Department of Otolaryngology and Communicative Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine
Facial Trauma
Myung K. Park, MD
Professor (Emeritus), Division of Pediatric Cardiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio
Staff Cardiologist, Driscoll Children's Hospital, Corpus Christi
Congenital Cardiovascular Anomalies
Sidney F. Phillips, MD
Professor of Medicine, Karl F. and Marjory Hasselmann Professor of Research, Mayo Clinic
Approach to the Patient With Lower GI Complaints
Douglas J. Pritchard, MD
Consultant of Orthopedic Surgery and Oncology, Mayo Foundation, Rochester
Tumors of Bones and Joints
Wingfield E. Rehmus, MD, MPH
Co-Director of Clinical Trials and Clinical Instructor, Stanford University Department of Dermatology
Bullous Diseases; Hair Disorders
Norman Relkin, MD, PhD
Associate Professor of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University
Director, Cornell Memory Disorders Program, Weill Medical College of Cornell University
Function and Dysfunction of the Cerebral Lobes
Sheldon M. Retchin, MD, MSPH
Vice President of Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University
Chief Executive Officer, Virginia Commonwealth University Health System
The Elderly Driver
Melvin I. Roat, MD
Assistant Surgeon, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia
Eye Injuries; Eyelid Disorders; Conjunctival and Scleral Disorders; Cataract
Lanny J. Rosenwasser, MD
Marjorie and Stephen Raphael Chair in Asthma Research; Professor, Division of Allergy and Immunology, National Jewish Medical and Research Center
Professor of Medicine and Immunology, University of Colorado Health Science Center
Allergic and Other Hypersensitivity Disorders
Seyed-Ali Sadjadi, MD
Associate Professor of Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine
Renal Replacement Therapy
H. Ralph Schumacher, Jr., MD
Professor of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
Chief of Rheumatology, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia
Approach to the Patient With Joint Disease; Autoimmune Rheumatic Disorders; Infections of Joints and Bones; Vasculitis
Kathy Schwarzenberger, MD
Associate Professor of Medicine (Dermatology), Dartmouth Medical School
Approach to the Dermatologic Patient; Reactions to Sunlight
Jerome B. Simon, MD, FRCP(C), FACP
Professor of Medicine (Emeritus), Division of Gastroenterology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario
Drugs and the Liver; Hepatitis; Liver Masses and Granulomas, Approach to the Patient With Liver Disease
Robert Simon, MD
Professor and Executive FAAEM Chairman, Department of Emergency Medicine, Cook County Hospital, Rush Medical College, Rush University Medical Center
Fractures, Dislocations, and Sprains
Tammy L. Harris Sims, MD, MS
Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention; University of Wisconsin Medical School
Smoking Cessation
Carl V. Smith, MD
Professor and Chair, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nebraska College of Medicine
Abnormalities and Complications of Labor and Delivery
Steven Spencer, MD
Professor of Medicine and Surgery, Department of Dermatology, Dartmouth Medical School
Cancers of the Skin
Scott M. Steidl, MD
Associate Professor and Director of Vitreoretinal Services, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Maryland School of Medicine
Retinal Disorders
Wendy Theobald, PhD
Assistant Researcher, Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention, University of Wisconsin
Smoking Cessation
Ronald Gary Tompkins, MD, ScD
John F. Burke Professor of Surgery, Harvard Medical School
Visiting Surgeon, Massachusetts General Hospital
Acute Abdomen and Surgical Gastroenterology; GI Bleeding; Diverticular Disease
Paul J. Vankevich, DMD
Assistant Professor of Oral Diagnosis and Oral Medicine, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine
Tumors of the Head and Neck
Eva M. Vivian, PharmD
Associate Professor of Pharmacy Practice, Western University of Health Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Pomona
Pharmacokinetics
Yasmine Wasfi, MD
Instructor, Department of Medicine, Parker B. Francis Fellow, National Jewish Medical and Research Center
Instructor, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado at Denver Health Sciences Center
Sarcoidosis
Howard D. Weiss, MD
Associate Professor of Neurology, Johns Hopkins-Sinai Hospital of Baltimore
Headache
Eiji Yanagisawa, MD
Clinical Professor of Otolaryngology, Yale University School of Medicine
Facial Trauma
Thomas Michael Zizic, MD
Associate Professor of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Co-Director, Chesapeake Medical Research
Avascular Necrosis
Additional Acknowledgments
Although this online version of The Merck Manual is being continuously updated, some entries contain information and text from previous editions. In some cases, new contributors have replaced those who contributed to those editions. As is our tradition, we publish the names of only the contributors to the current edition. However, we recognize the important contributions of those contributors who made our previous editions a success.
Last full review/revision February 2010
Content last modified November 2012
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