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  • Abdominal Pain, Acute
  • Abdominal pain, Chronic
  • Alopecia
  • Amenorrhea
  • Amnesia
  • Anosmia
  • Bleeding, Excessive
  • Breast Lumps
  • Chest Pain
  • Constipation in Adults
  • Constipation in Children
  • Cough in Adults
  • Cough in Children
  • Crying
  • Diarrhea in Adults
  • Diarrhea in Children
  • Diplopia
  • Dizziness
  • Dry Mouth
  • Dysmenorrhea
  • Dyspepsia
  • Dysphagia
  • Dyspnea
  • Dysuria
  • Earache
  • Ear Discharge
  • Edema
  • Edema During Late Pregnancy
  • Epistaxis
  • Erectile dysfunction
  • Eyelid Swelling
  • Eye Pain
  • Fever
  • Fever, Acute, in Adults
  • Fever, Chronic (FUO)
  • Fever in Infants and Children
  • Floaters
  • Gas
  • Gastrointestinal Bleeding
  • Halitosis
  • Headache
  • Hearing Loss
  • Hearing Loss: Sudden Deafness
  • Hematospermia
  • Hematuria
  • Hemoptysis
  • Hiccups
  • Hirsutism
  • Insomnia and Excessive Daytime Sleepiness
  • Itching
  • Itching, Anal
  • Jaundice in Adults
  • Jaundice in Neonates
  • Joint Pain, Monarticular
  • Joint Pain, Polyarticular
  • Knee pain
  • Lump in Throat
  • Nasal Congestion and Rhinorrhea
  • Nausea and Vomiting During Early pPregnancy
  • Nausea and Vomiting in Adults
  • Nausea and Vomiting in Infants and Children
  • Neck and Back Pain
  • Neck Mass
  • Nipple Discharge
  • Orthostatis Hypotension
  • Pain
  • Pain, Chronic
  • Palpitations
  • Pelvic Pain
  • Pelvic Pain During Early Pregnancy
  • Polyuria
  • Priapism
  • Red Eye
  • Scrotal Pain
  • Sore Throat
  • Stomatitis
  • Stridor
  • Syncope
  • Tearing
  • Tinnitus
  • Toothache
  • Tremor
  • Urinary Frequency
  • Urinary Incontinence in Adults
  • Urinary Incontinence in Children
  • Urinary Retention
  • Urticaria
  • Vaginal Bleeding
  • Vaginal Bleeding During Early Pregnancy
  • Vaginal Bleeding During Late Pregnancy
  • Vaginal Itching and Discharge
  • Vision, Blurred
  • Vision Loss, Acute
  • Weakness, Generalized
  • Wheezing
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Sections in Health Care Professionals
  • Cardiovascular Disorders
  • Clinical Pharmacology
  • Critical Care Medicine
  • Dental Disorders
  • Dermatologic Disorders
  • Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders
  • Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders
  • Eye Disorders
  • Gastrointestinal Disorders
  • Genitourinary Disorders
  • Geriatrics
  • Gynecology and Obstetrics
  • Hematology and Oncology
  • Hepatic and Biliary Disorders
  • Immunology; Allergic Disorders
  • Infectious Diseases
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  • Merck Manual
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  • Health Care Professionals
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  • Gastrointestinal Disorders
 
Gastrointestinal Disorders
Symptoms of GI Disorders
Overview of GI Symptoms
expand / collapse Chronic and Recurrent Abdominal Pain
Pathophysiology
Etiology
expand / collapseEvaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
Treatment
Key Points
expand / collapse Dyspepsia
Etiology
expand / collapseEvaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
Treatment
Key Points
expand / collapse Hiccups
Etiology
expand / collapseEvaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
Treatment
Key Points
expand / collapse Lump in Throat
Etiology
expand / collapseEvaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
Treatment
Key Points
expand / collapse Nausea and Vomiting
Complications
Etiology
expand / collapseEvaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
Treatment
Key Points
expand / collapse Rumination
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
expand / collapse Constipation
Etiology
expand / collapseEvaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
expand / collapseTreatment
Diet and behavior
Types of laxatives
Fecal impaction
Geriatrics Essentials
Key Points
expand / collapse Dyschezia
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
expand / collapse Diarrhea
Complications
expand / collapseEtiology
Osmotic load
Increased secretions
Reduced contact time/surface area
expand / collapseEvaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
Treatment
Key Points
expand / collapse Gas-Related Complaints
expand / collapseEtiology
Excessive belching
Distention (bloating)
Excessive flatus
expand / collapseEvaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
Treatment
Key Points
Approach to the GI Patient
expand / collapseEvaluation of the Patient with Upper GI Complaints
History
Physical examination
Testing
Functional GI Illness
Diagnostic and Therapeutic GI Procedures
expand / collapse Acid- and Reflux-Related Tests
expand / collapse Ambulatory pH Monitoring
Catheter-based monitoring
Wireless monitoring
Gastric Analysis
expand / collapse Endoscopy
Video capsule endoscopy
Laparoscopy
expand / collapse Manometry
Esophageal manometry
Gastroduodenal manometry
Barostat
Anorectal manometry
Nuclear Scans
expand / collapse X-ray and Other Imaging Contrast Studies
CT scanning of the abdomen
expand / collapseGI Procedures for the Generalist
Nasogastric or Intestinal Intubation
Anoscopy and Sigmoidoscopy
Abdominal Paracentesis
Other Testing Procedures
GI Bleeding
expand / collapseOverview of GI Bleeding
Etiology
expand / collapseEvaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
expand / collapseTreatment
Airway
Fluid resuscitation
Hemostasis
Geriatrics Essentials
Key Points
expand / collapse Varices
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Key Points
expand / collapse Vascular GI Lesions
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Acute Abdomen and Surgical Gastroenterology
Introduction
expand / collapse Acute Abdominal Pain
expand / collapsePathophysiology
Peritonitis
Etiology
expand / collapseEvaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
Treatment
Key Points
expand / collapse Acute Mesenteric Ischemia
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Key Points
expand / collapse Acute Perforation
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
expand / collapse Appendicitis
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Key Points
expand / collapse Hernias of the Abdominal Wall
Classification
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
expand / collapse Ileus
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
expand / collapse Intestinal Obstruction
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
expand / collapseTreatment
Specific measures
Key Points
expand / collapse Intra-abdominal Abscesses
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Key Points
Ischemic Colitis
Esophageal and Swallowing Disorders
Overview of Swallowing Disorders
expand / collapse Dysphagia
Complications
expand / collapseEtiology
Oropharyngeal dysphagia
Esophageal dysphagia
expand / collapseEvaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
Treatment
Geriatrics Essentials
Key Points
Cricopharyngeal Incoordination
expand / collapse Obstructive Disorders
Lower Esophageal Ring
Esophageal Web
Dysphagia Lusoria
expand / collapse Motility Disorders
expand / collapse Achalasia
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
expand / collapse Symptomatic Diffuse Esophageal Spasm
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
expand / collapse Esophageal Diverticula
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
expand / collapse Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
expand / collapseEtiology
Complications
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
expand / collapse Hiatus Hernia
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
expand / collapse Infectious Esophageal Disorders
Candida
HSV and CMV
Mallory-Weiss Syndrome
expand / collapse Esophageal Rupture
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Gastritis and Peptic Ulcer Disease
Overview of Acid Secretion
expand / collapse Helicobacter pylori Infection
Pathophysiology
expand / collapseDiagnosis
Noninvasive tests
Invasive tests
Treatment
expand / collapse Gastritis
expand / collapse Erosive Gastritis
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
expand / collapse Nonerosive Gastritis
expand / collapsePathology
Superficial gastritis
Deep gastritis
Gastric atrophy
Metaplasia
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Postgastrectomy Gastritis
expand / collapseUncommon Gastritis Syndromes
Ménétrier's disease
Eosinophilic gastritis
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma
Gastritis caused by systemic disorders
Gastritis caused by physical agents
Infectious (septic) gastritis
Autoimmune Metaplastic Atrophic Gastritis
expand / collapse Peptic Ulcer Disease
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
expand / collapseComplications
Hemorrhage
Penetration (confined perforation)
Free perforation
Gastric outlet obstruction
Recurrence
Stomach cancer
expand / collapse Treatment
Adjuncts
Surgery
expand / collapse Drug Treatment of Gastric Acidity
Proton pump inhibitors
H2 blockers
Antacids
Prostaglandins
Sucralfate
Bezoars and Foreign Bodies
expand / collapse Bezoars
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
expand / collapse Foreign Bodies in the GI Tract
Esophageal foreign bodies
Gastric and intestinal foreign bodies
Rectal foreign bodies
Pancreatitis
Overview of Pancreatitis
expand / collapse Acute Pancreatitis
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
expand / collapseDiagnosis
Laboratory tests
Imaging
Prognosis
Treatment
Key Points
expand / collapse Chronic Pancreatitis
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Gastroenteritis
expand / collapseOverview of Gastroenteritis
expand / collapseEtiology
Viruses
Bacteria
Parasites
Symptoms and Signs
expand / collapseDiagnosis
Stool testing
General tests
expand / collapseTreatment
Antimicrobials
Prevention
expand / collapse Traveler's Diarrhea
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Drug- and Chemical-Related Gastroenteritis
Malabsorption Syndromes
expand / collapseOverview of Malabsorption
expand / collapsePathophysiology
Fats
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
expand / collapseDiagnosis
Confirming malabsorption
Diagnosing the cause of malabsorption
expand / collapse Bacterial Overgrowth Syndrome
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
expand / collapse Carbohydrate Intolerance
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
expand / collapse Celiac Disease
expand / collapseEtiology
Epidemiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Key Points
Infection and Infestation
expand / collapse Intestinal Lymphangiectasia
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
expand / collapse Short Bowel Syndrome
Treatment
Key Points
expand / collapse Tropical Sprue
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
expand / collapse Whipple Disease
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
expand / collapseOverview of Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Epidemiology
Extraintestinal Manifestations
expand / collapse Treatment
5-Aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA, mesalamine)
Corticosteroids
Immunomodulating drugs
Anticytokine drugs
Antibiotics and probiotics
Supportive care
expand / collapse Crohn Disease
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
expand / collapse Treatment
General management
Mild to moderate disease
Moderate to severe disease
Fulminant disease or abscess
Fistulas
Maintenance therapy
Surgery
Key Points
expand / collapse Ulcerative Colitis
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
expand / collapseDiagnosis
Initial presentation
Recurrent symptoms
Fulminant symptoms
expand / collapsePrognosis
Colon cancer
expand / collapse Treatment
General management
Mild left-sided disease
Moderate or extensive disease
Severe disease
Fulminant colitis
Maintenance therapy
Surgery
Key Points
Diverticular Disease
Definition of Diverticular Disease
expand / collapse Diverticulosis
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
expand / collapse Diverticulitis
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
expand / collapseTreatment
Surgery
expand / collapse Meckel's Diverticulum
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Diverticular Disease of the Stomach and Small Bowel
Anorectal Disorders
expand / collapseEvaluation of Anorectal Disorders
History
Physical examination
expand / collapse Anal Fissure
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
expand / collapse Anorectal Abscess
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
expand / collapse Anorectal Fistula
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
expand / collapse Fecal Incontinence
Treatment
expand / collapse Hemorrhoids
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
expand / collapse Levator Syndrome
Diagnosis
Treatment
Pilonidal Disease
expand / collapse Proctitis
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
expand / collapse Pruritus Ani (Anal Itching)
Etiology
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
expand / collapseTreatment
General measures
Key Points
expand / collapse Rectal Prolapse and Procidentia
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Tumors of the GI Tract
Benign Esophageal Tumors
expand / collapse Esophageal Cancer
Squamous cell carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
Other malignant tumors
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
expand / collapseTreatment
General principles
Surgery
External beam radiation therapy
Chemotherapy
Palliation
Supportive care
Key Points
expand / collapse Stomach Cancer
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
expand / collapseDiagnosis
Screening
Prognosis
Treatment
Key Points
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
expand / collapse Small-Bowel Tumors
Diagnosis
Treatment
expand / collapse Polyps of the Colon and Rectum
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Key Points
expand / collapse Familial Adenomatous Polyposis
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome
expand / collapse Colorectal Cancer
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
expand / collapseDiagnosis
Screening tests
Diagnostic tests
Prognosis
expand / collapseTreatment
Surgery
Adjuvant therapy
Follow-up
Palliation
Key Points
Anorectal Cancer
expand / collapse Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Carcinoma
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
expand / collapse Pancreatic Cancer
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
expand / collapseTreatment
Symptomatic treatment
Key Points
Cystadenocarcinoma
Intraductal Papillary-Mucinous Tumor
expand / collapse Pancreatic Endocrine Tumors
expand / collapse Insulinoma
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
expand / collapse Gastrinoma
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
expand / collapseTreatment
Acid suppression
Surgery
Chemotherapy
Key Points
expand / collapse Vipoma
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
expand / collapse Glucagonoma
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
expand / collapse Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
expand / collapseEtiology
Psychosocial factors
Physiologic factors
Symptoms and Signs
expand / collapseDiagnosis
History
Physical examination
Testing
Intercurrent disease
expand / collapseTreatment
Diet
Drug therapy
Psychologic therapies
Audio
Figures
Photographs
Sidebars
Tables
Videos

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