Hyperemesis gravidarum is uncontrollable vomiting during pregnancy that results in dehydration, weight loss, and ketosis. Diagnosis is clinical and by measurement of urine ketones and renal function. Treatment is with temporary suspension of oral intake and with IV fluids, antiemetics if needed, and vitamin and electrolyte repletion.

Pregnancy frequently causes nausea and vomiting; the cause appears to be rapidly increasing levels of estrogens or the β subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG). Vomiting usually develops at about 5 wk gestation, peaks at about 9 wk, and disappears by about 16 or 18 wk. It usually occurs in the morning (as so-called morning sickness), although it can occur any time of day. Women with morning sickness continue to gain weight and do not become dehydrated. Hyperemesis gravidarum is probably an extreme form of normal nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. It is distinguished because it causes the following:

• Weight loss (> 5% of weight)
• Dehydration
• Ketosis
• Electrolyte abnormalities (in many women)

Psychologic factors (eg, ambivalence, anxiety) may trigger hyperemesis gravidarum. Hyperemesis gravidarum may cause mild, transient hyperthyroidism. Hyperemesis gravidarum that persists past 16 to 18 wk is uncommon but may seriously damage the liver, causing severe centrilobular necrosis or widespread fatty degeneration, and may cause Wernicke's encephalopathy or esophageal rupture.

Diagnosis

• Clinical evaluation (including serial weights)
• Urine ketones
• Exclusion of other causes (eg, acute abdomen)

If hyperemesis gravidarum is suspected, urine ketones, thyroid-stimulating hormone, serum electrolytes, BUN, creatinine, AST, ALT, Mg, P, and sometimes body weight are measured. Obstetric ultrasonography should be done to rule out hydatidiform mole and multifetal pregnancy.

Other disorders that can cause vomiting must be excluded; they include gastroenteritis, hepatitis, appendicitis, cholecystitis, other biliary tract disorders, peptic ulcer disease, intestinal obstruction, hyperthyroidism not caused by hyperemesis gravidarum (eg, caused by Graves' disease), gestational trophoblastic disease, nephrolithiasis, pyelonephritis, diabetic ketoacidosis or gastroparesis, benign intracranial hypertension, and migraine headaches. Prominent symptoms in addition to nausea and vomiting often suggest another cause. Tests for alternative diagnoses are done based on laboratory, clinical, or ultrasound findings.

Treatment

• Temporary suspension of oral intake, followed by gradual resumption
• Fluids, thiamin, multivitamins, and electrolytes as needed
• Antiemetics if needed

At first, patients are given nothing by mouth. Initial treatment is IV fluid resuscitation, beginning with 2 L of Ringer's lactate infused over 3 h to maintain a urine output of > 100 mL/h. If dextrose is given, thiamin 100 mg should be given IV first, to prevent Wernicke's encephalopathy. This dose of thiamin should be given daily for 3 days.

Subsequent fluid requirements vary with patient response but may be as much as 1 L q 4 h or so for up to 3 days. Electrolyte deficiencies are treated; K, Mg, and P are replaced as needed. Care must be taken not to correct low plasma Na levels too quickly because too rapid correction can cause osmotic demyelination syndrome.

Vomiting that persists after initial fluid and electrolyte replacement is treated with an antiemetic taken as needed; antiemetics include

• Vitamin B₆ 10 to 25 mg po q 8 h or q 6 h
• DoxylamineSome Trade Names
  GOOD SENSE SLEEP AID
  UNISOM SLEEPTABS
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  12.5 mg po q 8 h or q 6 h (can be taken in addition to vitamin B₆)
• PromethazineSome Trade Names
  PHENERGAN
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  12.5 to 25 mg po, IM, or rectally q 4 to 8 h
• MetoclopramideSome Trade Names
  REGLAN
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  5 to 10 mg IV or po q 8 h
• OndansetronSome Trade Names
  ZOFRAN
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  8 mg po or IM q 12 h
• ProchlorperazineSome Trade Names
  COMPAZINE
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  5 to 10 mg po or IM q 3 to 4 h

After dehydration and acute vomiting resolve, small amounts of oral liquids are given. Patients who cannot tolerate any oral fluids after IV rehydration and antiemetics may need to be hospitalized or given IV therapy at home and take nothing by mouth for a longer period (sometimes several days or more). Once patients tolerate fluids, they can eat small, bland meals, and diet is expanded as tolerated. IV vitamin therapy is required initially and until vitamins can be taken by mouth.

If treatment is ineffective, TPN may be necessary, and corticosteroids, although controversial, can be tried; eg, methylprednisoloneSome Trade Names
MEDROL
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16 mg q 8 h po or IV may be given for 3 days, then tapered over 2 wk to the lowest effective dose. Corticosteroids should be used for < 6 wk and with extreme caution. They should not be used during fetal organogenesis (between 20 and 56 days after fertilization); use of these drugs during the 1st trimester is weakly associated with facial clefting. The mechanism for corticosteroids' effect on nausea is unclear.

If progressive weight loss, jaundice, or persistent tachycardia occurs despite treatment, termination of the pregnancy should be considered.

Last full review/revision February 2010 by Antonette T. Dulay, MD

Content last modified February 2010