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Pemphigoid gestationis is a pruritic papular and vesicobullous eruption that occurs during pregnancy or postpartum. Diagnosis is clinical or by skin biopsy. Treatment is with topical or systemic corticosteroids.
Pemphigoid gestationis appears to be an autoimmune phenomenon, probably caused by an IgG antibody to a 180-kD antigen in the basement membrane zone of the epidermis. Although previously called herpes gestationis, this disorder is not caused by herpesvirus.
Pemphigoid gestationis occurs in 1/2,000 to 50,000 pregnancies; it usually begins during the 2nd or 3rd trimester but may begin during the 1st trimester or immediately postpartum. It usually recurs with subsequent pregnancies and occurs after oral contraceptive use in about 25% of women. Flare-ups can occur during subsequent menses or ovulation.
Most fetuses are unaffected; however, transient lesions occur in < 5% of neonates born to mothers with pemphigoid gestationis. Risks are increased after premature delivery and in infants who are small for gestational age.
Symptoms and Signs
The rash is very pruritic. Lesions often start around the umbilicus, then become widespread. Vesicles and bullae are the most specific lesions; erythematous plaques may develop. The palms, soles, trunk, buttocks, and extremities may be affected but usually not the face or mucous membranes.
The rash worsens during labor or immediately postpartum in up to 75% of women, typically remitting within a few weeks or months.
Neonates may have erythematous plaques or vesicles that resolve spontaneously in a few weeks.
Diagnosis
Pemphigoid gestationis may be confused clinically with several other pruritic eruptions of pregnancy, particularly pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy. Pemphigoid gestationis can often be distinguished because it usually begins in the periumbilical area; pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy usually begin in the striae.
Direct immunofluorescence examination of perilesional skin is diagnostic. It detects a linear band of C3 at the basement membrane zone.
Treatment
For mild symptoms, topical corticosteroids (eg, 0.1% triamcinolone acetonide cream up to 6 times/day) may be effective. Prednisone (eg, 40 mg po once/day) relieves moderate or severe pruritus and prevents new lesions; dose is tapered until few new lesions erupt, but it may need to be increased if symptoms become more severe (eg, during labor). Systemic corticosteroids given late in pregnancy do not seem to harm the fetus.
Nonsedating oral antihistamines can also be used to relieve pruritus.
Last full review/revision February 2010 by Antonette T. Dulay, MD
Content last modified February 2010
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