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  • Hepatic and Biliary Disorders
 
Hepatic and Biliary Disorders
Approach to the Patient With Liver Disease
expand / collapseLiver Structure and Function
Pathophysiology
expand / collapseEvaluation of the Patient With a Liver Disorder
History
Physical examination
Testing
expand / collapse Acute Liver Failure
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Key Points
expand / collapse Ascites
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
expand / collapse Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis (SBP)
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
expand / collapse Fatty Liver
expand / collapse Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH)
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Key Points
expand / collapse Jaundice
expand / collapsePathophysiology
Mechanisms of hyperbilirubinemia
Consequences
Etiology
expand / collapseEvaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
Treatment
Geriatrics Essentials
Key Points
expand / collapseInborn Metabolic Disorders Causing Hyperbilirubinemia
Gilbert Syndrome
Crigler-Najjar Syndrome
Primary Shunt Hyperbilirubinemia
expand / collapseDubin-Johnson Syndrome and Rotor Syndrome
Dubin-Johnson syndrome
Rotor syndrome
expand / collapse Portal Hypertension
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Key Points
expand / collapse Portosystemic Encephalopathy
expand / collapseEtiology
Precipitants
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Key Points
expand / collapse Systemic Abnormalities in Liver Disease
Circulatory Abnormalities
Endocrine Abnormalities
Hematologic Abnormalities
expand / collapse Renal and Electrolyte Abnormalities
Hepatorenal syndrome
expand / collapse The Asymptomatic Patient With Abnormal Laboratory Test Results
Aminotransferases
Alkaline phosphatase
expand / collapsePostoperative Liver Dysfunction
Postoperative jaundice
Postoperative hepatitis
Postoperative cholestasis
Testing for Hepatic and Biliary Disorders
Introduction
expand / collapse Laboratory Tests of the Liver and Gallbladder
expand / collapseTests for Liver Injury
Aminotransferases
Lactate dehydrogenase
expand / collapseTests for Cholestasis
Bilirubin
Alkaline phosphatase
5′-Nucleotidase
γ‑Glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT)
expand / collapseTests of Hepatic Synthetic Capacity
PT and INR
Serum proteins
expand / collapseOther Laboratory Tests
Ammonia
Serum immunoglobulins
Antimitochondrial antibodies
Other antibodies
α‑Fetoprotein (AFP)
expand / collapse Imaging Tests of the Liver and Gallbladder
Ultrasonography
Doppler ultrasonography
CT
Cholescintigraphy
Radionuclide liver scanning
Plain x-ray of the abdomen
MRI
ERCP
Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC)
Operative cholangiography
expand / collapse Liver Biopsy
Indications
Contraindications
Other routes
Drugs and the Liver
Introduction
Effects of Liver Disease on Drug Metabolism
expand / collapse Liver Injury Caused by Drugs
expand / collapsePathophysiology
Patterns of liver injury
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Key Points
Alcoholic Liver Disease
expand / collapseAlcoholic Liver Disease
expand / collapseRisk Factors
Quantity of alcohol
Sex
Genetic factors
Nutritional status
Other factors
expand / collapse Pathophysiology
Alcohol absorption and metabolism
Hepatic fat accumulation
Endotoxins in the gut
Oxidative damage
Resultant inflammation, cell death, and fibrosis
Pathology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
expand / collapseTreatment
Restricting alcohol intake
Supportive care
Specific treatment
Fibrosis and Cirrhosis
Introduction
expand / collapse Hepatic Fibrosis
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
expand / collapseCirrhosis
expand / collapsePathophysiology
Complications
Histopathology
Symptoms and Signs
expand / collapseDiagnosis
General approach
Laboratory tests
Diagnostic imaging
Identification of the cause
Liver biopsy
Monitoring
Prognosis
Treatment
expand / collapse Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC)
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Hepatitis
Overview of Hepatitis
expand / collapse Acute Viral Hepatitis
expand / collapseEtiology
Hepatitis A virus (HAV)
Hepatitis B virus (HBV)
Hepatitis C virus (HCV)
Hepatitis D virus (HDV)
Hepatitis E virus (HEV)
expand / collapseSymptoms and Signs
General
Virus-specific
expand / collapseDiagnosis
Initial diagnosis
Serology
Biopsy
Treatment
expand / collapse Prevention
HAV
HBV
HCV, HDV, and HEV
Key Points
Fulminant Hepatitis
expand / collapse Chronic Hepatitis
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
expand / collapseTreatment
Autoimmune hepatitis
HBV
HCV
HCV genotype 1
HCV genotypes 2, 3, and 4
Key Points
Vascular Disorders of the Liver
Overview of Vascular Disorders of the Liver
expand / collapse Hepatic Ischemia
expand / collapse Ischemic Hepatitis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Ischemic Cholangiopathy
expand / collapse Congestive Hepatopathy
Diagnosis
Treatment
expand / collapseHepatic Artery Disorders
Hepatic Artery Occlusion
Diagnosis
Treatment
Aneurysms
expand / collapse Hepatic Vein Disorders
expand / collapse Budd-Chiari Syndrome
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
expand / collapse Veno-Occlusive Disease
Diagnosis
Treatment
expand / collapse Portal Vein Disorders
expand / collapse Portal Vein Thrombosis
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Peliosis Hepatis
Liver Masses and Granulomas
Hepatic Cysts
expand / collapse Benign Liver Tumors
Hepatocellular adenoma
Focal nodular hyperplasia
Hemangiomas
Other benign tumors
expand / collapse Primary Liver Cancer
expand / collapse Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
expand / collapseDiagnosis
Staging
Screening
Treatment
Prevention
expand / collapseOther Primary Liver Cancers
Fibrolamellar carcinoma
Cholangiocarcinoma
Hepatoblastoma
Angiosarcoma
Cystadenocarcinoma
expand / collapse Metastatic Liver Cancer
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Hematologic Cancers and the Liver
expand / collapse Hepatic Granulomas
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Key Points
Gallbladder and Bile Duct Disorders
Overview of Biliary Function
expand / collapse Cholelithiasis
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
expand / collapseTreatment
Surgery
Stone dissolution
expand / collapse Cholecystitis
expand / collapse Acute Cholecystitis
Acute acalculous cholecystitis
expand / collapseSymptoms and Signs
Complications
Acute acalculous cholecystitis
expand / collapseDiagnosis
Acute acalculous cholecystitis
Treatment
expand / collapse Chronic Cholecystitis
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
expand / collapse Acalculous Biliary Pain
Diagnosis
Treatment
expand / collapse Postcholecystectomy Syndrome
Diagnosis
Treatment
expand / collapse Choledocholithiasis and Cholangitis
Diagnosis
Treatment
expand / collapse Sclerosing Cholangitis
expand / collapse Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC)
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
expand / collapse AIDS Cholangiopathy
Diagnosis
Treatment
expand / collapse Tumors of the Gallbladder and Bile Ducts
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Audio
Figures
Photographs
Sidebars
Tables
Videos

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