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Acute or chronic injuries without freezing of tissue may result from cold exposure.
Frostnip:
The mildest cold injury is frostnip. Affected areas are numb, swollen, and red. Treatment is rewarming, which causes pain and itching. Rarely, mild hypersensitivity to cold persists for months to years.
Immersion (trench) foot:
Prolonged exposure to wet cold can cause immersion foot. Peripheral nerves and the vasculature are usually injured; muscle and skin tissue may be injured in severe cases.
Initially, the foot is pale, edematous, clammy, cold, and numb. Tissue maceration may occur if patients walk extensively. Rewarming causes hyperemia, pain, and often hypersensitivity to light touch, which can persist for 6 to 10 wk. Skin may ulcerate, or a black eschar may develop. Autonomic dysfunction is common, with increased or decreased sweating, vasomotor changes, and local hypersensitivity to temperature change. Muscle atrophy and dysesthesia or anesthesia may occur and become chronic.
Immersion foot can be prevented by not wearing tight-fitting boots, keeping feet and boots dry, and changing socks frequently. Immediate treatment is rewarming by immersing the affected area in warm (40 to 42° C) water, followed by sterile dressings. Chronic neuropathic symptoms are difficult to treat; amitriptyline may be tried (see Pain: Neuropathic Pain).
Chilblains (pernio):
Localized areas of erythema, swelling, pain, and pruritus result from repeated exposure to cold; the mechanism is unclear. Blistering or ulceration may occur. Chilblains most commonly affects the fingers and pretibial area and is self-limited. Occasionally, symptoms recur.
Pernio is often used to refer to a vasculitic disorder most common among young females with a history of Raynaud's syndrome. Endothelial and neuronal damage results in vasospasm and exaggerated sympathetic response when exposed to cold. Nifedipine 20 mg po tid may be effective for refractory pernio. Sympatholytic drugs and avoidance of nicotine may also help.
Last full review/revision May 2012 by Daniel F. Danzl, MD
Content last modified January 2012
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