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Bursitis

By

Deepan S. Dalal

, MD, MPH, Brown University

Reviewed/Revised Mar 2024
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Bursitis is acute or chronic inflammation of a bursa. The cause is usually unknown, but trauma, repetitive or acute, may contribute, as may infection and crystal-induced disease. Symptoms include pain (particularly with motion or pressure), swelling, and tenderness. Diagnosis is usually clinical; however, ultrasonography may be needed to evaluate deep bursae. Diagnosis of infection and crystal-induced disease requires analysis of bursal fluid. Treatment includes splinting, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), sometimes corticosteroid injections, and treatment of the underlying cause.

Bursae are fluid-filled sac-like cavities or potential cavities that are located where friction occurs (eg, where tendons or muscles pass over bony prominences). Bursae minimize friction between moving parts and facilitate movement. Some communicate with joints.

Bursitis may occur in the shoulder (subacromial or subdeltoid bursitis), particularly in patients with rotator cuff tendinopathy Rotator Cuff Injury/Subacromial Bursitis Rotator cuff injury includes tendinitis and partial or complete tears; subacromial bursitis may result from tendinitis. Symptoms are shoulder area pain and, with severe tears, weakness. Diagnosis... read more , which is usually the primary lesion in the shoulder. Other commonly affected bursae include olecranon (miner's or barfly’s elbow), prepatellar (housemaid’s knee), suprapatellar, retrocalcaneal, iliopectineal (iliopsoas), ischial (weaver’s bottom), greater trochanteric, pes anserine, and first metatarsal head (bunion) bursae. Occasionally, a bursa ruptures or develops a chronic communication with an adjacent joint.

Etiology of Bursitis

Bursitis may be caused by the following:

Idiopathic and traumatic causes are by far the most common. Acute bursitis may follow unusual exercise or strain and usually causes bursal effusion. The olecranon and prepatellar bursae are the bursae most susceptible to infection because of their superficial locations.

Chronic bursitis may develop after previous attacks of bursitis or from repeated trauma or gout. The bursal wall is thickened, with proliferation of its synovial lining; bursal adhesions, villus formation, tags, and milky deposits may develop.

Symptoms and Signs of Bursitis

Acute bursitis causes pain, particularly when the bursa is compressed or stretched during motion, and often limits range of motion. Passive range of motion may still be normal (eg, some patients with olecranon bursitis have normal flexion-extension of the elbow). Swelling, sometimes with other signs of inflammation (eg, erythema), is common if the bursa is superficial (eg, prepatellar, olecranon). Swelling may be more prominent than pain in olecranon bursitis. Acute crystal- or bacterial-induced bursitis is usually accompanied by erythema, pitting edema, pain, and warmth in the area around the bursa.

Chronic bursitis may last for several months and may recur frequently. Bouts may last a few days to several weeks. If inflammation persists near a joint, the joint’s range of motion may be limited. Prolonged limitation of motion may lead to muscle atrophy.

Diagnosis of Bursitis

  • Clinical evaluation

  • Ultrasonography or MRI for deep bursitis

  • Aspiration for suspected infection, hemorrhage (due to trauma or anticoagulants), or crystal-induced bursitis

Superficial bursitis should be suspected in patients with swelling or signs of inflammation over bursae. Deep bursitis is suspected in patients with unexplained pain worsened by motion in a location compatible with bursitis. Usually, bursitis can be diagnosed clinically. Ultrasonography or MRI can help confirm the diagnosis when deep bursae are not readily accessible for inspection, palpation, or aspiration. These tests are done to confirm a suspected diagnosis or exclude other possibilities. These imaging techniques increase the accuracy of identifying the involved structures.

If bursal swelling is particularly painful, erythematous, or warm or if the olecranon or prepatellar bursa is affected, infection and crystal-induced disease Overview of Crystal-Induced Arthritides Arthritis can result from intra-articular deposition of crystals: Monosodium urate Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate Basic calcium phosphate (apatite) Rarely, others such as calcium oxalate crystals read more should be excluded by bursal aspiration. Aspiration is particularly important in patients who are immunosuppressed, because signs and symptoms of chronic infection may be minimal. After a local anesthetic is injected, fluid is withdrawn from the bursa using sterile techniques; analysis includes cell count, Gram stain and culture, and microscopic search for crystals. Gram stain, although helpful if positive, may not be specific, and white blood cell counts in infected bursae are usually lower than those in septic joints. Urate crystals are easily seen with polarized light microscopy, but the apatite crystals typical of calcific tendinitis appear only as shiny chunks that are not birefringent. Cholesterol plate crystals can be seen in chronic rheumatoid bursitis.

Acute bursitis should be distinguished from hemorrhage into a bursa, which should be considered particularly when a patient taking anticoagulants develops acute bursal swelling. Hemorrhagic bursitis can cause similar manifestations because blood is inflammatory. Fluid in traumatic bursitis is usually serosanguinous. Cellulitis Cellulitis Cellulitis is acute bacterial infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue most often caused by streptococci or staphylococci. Symptoms and signs are pain, warmth, rapidly spreading erythema... read more Cellulitis can cause signs of inflammation but does not normally cause bursal effusion; cellulitis overlying the bursa is a relative contraindication to bursal puncture through the cellulitis, but if septic bursitis is strongly suspected, aspiration must be done.

Treatment of Bursitis

  • Rest followed by physical therapy

  • Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

  • Treatment of crystal-induced disease or infection

  • Sometimes corticosteroid injection

For suspected infection, empiric antibiotics effective against S. aureus should be given initially, after the bursa is aspirated and cultures are obtained (see treatment of staphylococcal infection Treatment Staphylococci are gram-positive aerobic organisms. Staphylococcus aureus is the most pathogenic; it typically causes skin infections and sometimes pneumonia, endocarditis, and osteomyelitis... read more Treatment ). Subsequent choice of antibiotic is determined by results of Gram stain and culture. Infectious bursitis requires drainage or occasionally excision in addition to antibiotics.

Acute nonseptic bursitis is treated with activity modification and NSAIDs Nonopioid Analgesics Nonopioid and opioid analgesics are the main drugs used to treat pain. Antidepressants, antiseizure drugs, and other central nervous system (CNS)–active drugs may also be used for chronic or... read more , sometimes with other analgesics. Physical therapy and voluntary movement should be increased as tolerated. This may accelerate restoration of range of motion. Pendulum exercises are helpful for the shoulder joint.

Corticosteroid injection may be considered if bursitis (eg, subacromial bursitis) is persistent, infection has been excluded, and oral medications and rest are inadequate. Corticosteroid injections have been shown to provide short-term pain relief (< 6 weeks) in patients with shoulder bursitis or related conditions (eg, rotator cuff tendinopathy) (1 Treatment references Bursitis is acute or chronic inflammation of a bursa. The cause is usually unknown, but trauma, repetitive or acute, may contribute, as may infection and crystal-induced disease. Symptoms include... read more Treatment references , 2 Treatment references Bursitis is acute or chronic inflammation of a bursa. The cause is usually unknown, but trauma, repetitive or acute, may contribute, as may infection and crystal-induced disease. Symptoms include... read more Treatment references ).

Intrabursal injection of depot corticosteroids 0.5 to 1 mL (eg, triamcinolone acetonide 40 mg/mL) is typically reserved for deep bursae (trochanteric How To Inject a Trochanteric Bursa Trochanteric bursal injection is the process of puncturing a bursal sac and/or the area around it with a needle and injecting anesthetics, often with corticosteroids, to help treat greater trochanteric... read more , subacromial How To Inject a Subacromial Bursa Subacromial bursal injection is the process of injecting anesthetics and/or corticosteroids in or around the subacromial bursa to help treat bursitis. A lateral approach (described below) is... read more , or pes anserine). It is less commonly performed on superficial bursae (eg, olecranon How To Aspirate or Inject an Olecranon Bursa Aspiration of the olecranon bursa is done for diagnostic purposes (eg, to diagnose septic bursitis, gout). Injection of corticosteroids into the olecranon bursa is typically avoided but may... read more How To Aspirate or Inject an Olecranon Bursa , prepatellar How To Aspirate or Inject a Prepatellar Bursa Aspiration of the prepatellar bursa is done for diagnostic purposes (eg, particularly to exclude septic bursitis). The prepatellar bursa lies just below the skin, increasing the risk of skin... read more ). About 1 mL of local anesthetic (eg, 2% lidocaine) can be injected before the corticosteroid injection. Dose and volume of the corticosteroid may vary according to the size of the bursa. Infrequently, a flare-up occurs within several hours of injection of a depot corticosteroid; the flare-up is probably a synovitis in reaction to crystals in the injection or to needle disruption of calcium deposits. It usually lasts 24 hours and responds to cold compresses plus analgesics.

Chronic bursitis is treated the same as acute bursitis, except that splinting and rest are less likely to help, and range-of-motion exercises are especially important. Rarely, the bursa needs to be excised.

Treatment references

  • 1. Steuri R, Sattelmayer M, Elsig S, et al: Effectiveness of conservative interventions including exercise, manual therapy and medical management in adults with shoulder impingement: a systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs. Br J Sports Med 51(18):1340-1347, 2017. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2016-096515

  • 2. Sun Y, Chen J, Li H, Jiang J, Chen S: Steroid Injection and Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Agents for Shoulder Pain: A PRISMA Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Medicine (Baltimore) 94(50):e2216, 2015. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000002216

Key Points

  • The usual causes of bursitis are injury and overuse, but infection and crystal-induced disease are possible.

  • Aspirate bursal fluid to diagnose bacterial or crystal-induced bursitis when the olecranon or prepatellar bursa is affected or when there is warmth, erythema, tenderness, and pitting edema.

  • If no infection is present, treat most cases with rest, high-dose NSAIDs, and sometimes intrabursal corticosteroid injection.

Drugs Mentioned In This Article

Drug Name Select Trade
Aristocort, Aristocort A, Aristocort Forte, Aristocort HP, Aristo-Pak, Aristospan, Arze-Ject-A, Azmacort, Children's Nasacort Allergy 24HR Nasal Spray, Cinalog, Cinolar, Flutex, Hexatrione, Kenalog, Kenalog in Orabase, Kenalog-10, Kenalog-40, Kenalog-80, Nasacort, Nasacort AQ, Oralone, SP Rx 228 , Tac-3 , Triacet , Triamonide , Trianex , Triderm , Triesence, XIPERE, Zilretta
7T Lido, Akten , ALOCANE, ANASTIA, AneCream, Anestacon, Aspercreme with Lidocaine, AsperFlex, Astero , BenGay, Blue Tube, Blue-Emu, CidalEaze, DermacinRx Lidocan III, DermacinRx Lidogel, DermacinRx Lidorex, DERMALID, Dologesic, Ela-Max, GEN7T, Glydo, Gold Bond, LidaFlex, LidaMantle, Lido King Maximum Strength, Lidocan, Lidocare, Lidoderm, LidoDose, LidoDose Pediatric, Lidofore, LidoHeal-90, LIDO-K , LidoLite, Lidomar , Lidomark, LidoPure, LidoReal-30, LidoRx, Lidosense 4 , Lidosense 5, Lidosol, Lidosol-50, LIDO-SORB, Lidotral, Lidovix L, LIDOZION, Lidozo, Lidtopic, Lidtopic Max, LMX 4, LMX 4 with Tegaderm, LMX 5, LTA, Lubricaine, Lubricaine For Her, Lydexa, MENTHO-CAINE , Moxicaine, Numbonex, Professional DNA Collection Kit, Proxivol, ReadySharp Lidocaine, RectaSmoothe, RectiCare, Regenecare HA, Salonpas Lidocaine, Senatec, Solarcaine, SOLUPAK, SUN BURNT PLUS, Topicaine, Tranzarel, VacuStim Silver, Xyliderm, Xylocaine, Xylocaine Dental, Xylocaine in Dextrose, Xylocaine MPF, Xylocaine Topical, Xylocaine Topical Jelly, Xylocaine Topical Solution, Xylocaine Viscous, Zilactin-L, ZiloVal, Zingo, Zionodi, ZTlido
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