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• Vitamin Deficiency, Dependency, and Toxicity
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Biotin acts as a coenzyme for carboxylation reactions essential to fat and carbohydrate metabolism. Adequate intake for adults is 30 μg/day. Pantothenic acid is widely distributed in foods; it is an essential component of coenzyme A. Adults probably require about 5 mg/day. A beneficial role for pantothenic acid supplementation in lipid metabolism, RA, or athletic performance remains unproved. Isolated deficiency of biotin or pantothenic acid virtually never occurs.

Last full review/revision April 2007 by Larry E. Johnson, MD, PhD

Content last modified April 2007