We gratefully acknowledge the expertise of the contributors to our current online version. The subject(s) that they are responsible for are listed after their affiliations.

Denise M Aaron, MD

Author

MD, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center
Fungal Skin Infections

Bola Adamolekun, MD

Author

Director of Epilepsy, Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center
Seizure Disorders

Neil B. Alexander, MD

Author

Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Michigan
Associate Professor for Research; Director, VA Ann Arbor Health Care System, Geriatrics Research, Education and Clinical Center
Falls in the Elderly

Roy D. Altman, MD

Author

Professor of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, University of California, Los Angeles
Joint Disorders; Paget Disease of Bone

Mary Ann Anderson, PhD, RN

Author

Associate Professor, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Nursing, Quad Cities Regional Program
Provision of Care to the Elderly

Gerald L. Andriole, MD

Author

Professor and Chief of Urologic Surgery, Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine
Benign Prostate Disease

Parswa Ansari, MD

Author

Assistant Program Director, Department of Surgery, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York
GI Bleeding; Acute Abdomen and Surgical Gastroenterology; Anorectal Disorders

Brian R. Apatoff, MD, PhD

Author

Associate Professor of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College
Clinical Attending of Neurology, New York Presbyterian Hospital
Demyelinating Disorders

Noel A. Armenakas, MD

Reviewer

Genitourinary Tract Trauma

Guy P. Armstrong

Author

Consultant CardiologistNorth Shore Hospital, Auckland
Valvular Disorders

J. Malcolm O. Arnold, MD

Author

Professor of Medicine, Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario
Cardiologist, University Hospital, London Health Sciences Center
Heart Failure; Cardiomyopathies

Thomas Arnold, MD

Author

Professor and Chairman, Department of Emergency Medicine, LSU Health Sciences Center Shreveport
Bites and Stings

Raul Artal, MD

Author

Professor and Chair, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, Saint Louis University School of Medicine
High-Risk Pregnancy

Alexander Auchus, MD

Reviewer

Professor and McCarty Chair of Neurology, University of Mississippi Medical Center
Function and Dysfunction of the Cerebral Lobes

George L. Bakris, MD

Author

Professor of Medicine, Director, ASH Comprehensive Hypertension Center, University of Chicago Medicine
Hypertension

David H. Barad, MD, MS

Author

Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Obstetrics Gynecology and Women's Health,, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx
Director, Assisted Reproductive Technology, Center for Human Reproduction
Approach to the Gynecologic Patient; Symptoms of Gynecologic Disorders

Peggy P. Barco, MS, BSW, OT/L

Author

Program in Occupational Therapy, Washington University Medical School
Driving Connections, The Rehabilitation Institute of Saint Louis
The Older Driver

Robert A. Barish, MD, MBA

Author

Chancellor and Professor of Emergency Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport
Bites and Stings

John G. Bartlett, MD

Author

Professor of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Acute Bronchitis; Pneumonia; Lung Abscess

Rosemary Basson, MD, FRCP(UK)

Author

Clinical Professor, Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia and Vancouver Hospital
Sexual Dysfunction in Women

Byron E. Batteiger, MD

Author

Professor of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Infectious Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine
Chlamydia and Mycoplasmas

Lee B. Beerman, MD

Author

Professor of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Childrens Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
Congenital Cardiovascular Anomalies

Joshua O. Benditt, MD

Author

Professor of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Washington School of Medicine
Director of Respiratory Care Medicine, University of Washington Medical Center
Bronchiectasis

James R. Berenson, MD

Author

Medical and Scientific Director, Institute for Myeloma and Bone Cancer Research, West Hollywood
Plasma Cell Disorders

Barbara J. Berkman, DSW/PhD

Author

Helen Rehr/Ruth Fitzdale Professor, Columbia University School of Social Work
Principal Investigator and National Director, Hartford Geriatric Social Work Faculty Scholars Program
Social Issues in the Elderly; Elder Abuse

Cheston M. Berlin, Jr., MD

Author

University Professor of Pediatrics and Professor of Pharmacology, Penn State University College of Medicine
Principles of Drug Treatment in Children

Jessica R. Berman, MD

Author

Assistant Professor of Medicine, Weill Medical College
Assistant Attending Physician, Hospital for Special Surgery
Approach to the Patient With Joint Disease

Richard W. Besdine, MD

Reviewer

Professor of Medicine, Greer Professor of Geriatric Medicine, and Director, Division of Geriatrics (Medicine) and of the Center for Gerontology and Healthcare Research, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University
Approach to the Geriatric Patient; Aging and Quality Of Life

Adil E. Bharucha, MBBS, MD

Author

Professor of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

Joseph J. Biundo, MD

Author

Clinical Professor of Medicine, Tulane Medical Center
Bursa, Muscle, and Tendon Disorders

Sean C. Blackwell, MD

Author

Assistant Professor, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston
Pregnancy Complicated by Disease

Marcy B. Bolster, MD

Author

Division of Rheumatology, Massachusetts General Hospital
Osteoporosis

Herbert L. Bonkovsky

Professor of MedicineCarolinas Health Care System, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and University of Connecticut Health Sciences Center
Porphyrias

Charles D. Bortle, EdD

Author

Director of Logistics and Field Operations, Department of Emergency Medicine, Albert Einstein Medical Center
Respiratory Arrest

Ann S. Botash, MD

Author

Professor of Pediatrics, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University
Child Maltreatment

Alfred A. Bove, MD, PhD

Author

Chief of Cardiology, Cardiology Section, Temple University School of Medicine
Injury During Diving or Work in Compressed Air

Thomas G. Boyce, MD, MPH

Author

Associate Professor of Pediatrics and Consultant in Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine
Gastroenteritis

Peter C. Brazy, MD

Author

Professor of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison
Congenital Renal Transport Abnormalities

George R. Brown, MD

Author

Chief of Psychiatry, Mountain home VAMC, Johnson City, TN
Professor and Associate Chairman, Department of Psychiatry, East Tennessee State University
Sexuality and Sexual Disorders

Haywood L. Brown, MD

Author

Roy T. Parker Professor and Chair, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center
Normal Pregnancy, Labor, and Delivery

Robert G. Brzyski, MD, PhD

Author

Associate Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
Female Reproductive Endocrinology

Rebecca H. Buckley, MD

Author

J. Buren Sidbury Professor of Pediatrics and Professor of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine
Immunodeficiency Disorders

Larry M. Bush, MD

Author

Associate Clinical Professor of Medicine, University of Miami-Miller School of Medicine/Florida Atlantic University
Chief, Division of Infectious Diseases, JFK Medical Center
Gram-Positive Cocci; Gram-Positive Bacilli

Jerrold T. Bushberg, PhD, DABMP

Reviewer

Radiation Exposure and Contamination

Juan R. Bustillo, MD

Author

Associate Professor of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, University of New Mexico
Schizophrenia and Related Disorders

David B. Carr, MD

Author

Associate Professor of Internal Medicine and Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine–Older Adult Health Center
The Older Driver

Mary T. Caserta, MD

Author

Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester School of Medicine
Attending Physician, Golisano Children's Hospital at Strong, University of Rochester Medical Center
Pox Viruses; Enteroviruses; Other Viruses; Infections in Neonates

Bartolome R. Celli, MD

Author

Professor of Medicine, Tufts University
Chief, Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Study, St. Elizabeth's Medical Center
Pulmonary Rehabilitation

Michael F. Cellucci, MD

Reviewer

Dehydration and Fluid Therapy in Children

Bruce A. Chabner, MD

Author

Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School
Clinical Director, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center
Overview of Cancer; Principles of Cancer Therapy

Walter W. Chan, MD, MPH

Author

Director, Center for Gastrointestinal Motility, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women's Hospital
Instructor in Medicine, Harvard Medical School
Diagnostic and Therapeutic GI Procedures

Ian M. Chapman, MBBS, PhD

Author

Associate Professor of Endocrinology, University of Adelaide, Department of Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital
Pituitary Disorders

Rachel L. Chapman, MD

Author

Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, University of Michigan, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital
Approach to the Care of Normal Infants and Children; Caring for Sick Children and Their Families; Perinatal Physiology

Lois Choi-Kain, MD

Author

Director, Gunderson Residence of McLean Hospital
Clinical Instructor in Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School
Personality Disorders

Paula J. Clayton, MD

Author

Medical Director, American Foundation for Suicide Prevention
Suicidal Behavior

William J. Cochran, MD

Author

Vice Chairman, Department of Pediatrics, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, PA
Gastrointestinal Disorders in Neonates and Infants; Congenital Gastrointestinal Anomalies

Alan S. Cohen, MD

Author

Distinguished Professor of Medicine (Emeritus), Conrad Wessolhoeft Professor of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine
Editor-in-Chief, Amyloid: The Journal of Protein Folding Disorders
Amyloidosis

Robert B. Cohen, DMD

Reviewer

Clinical Associate Professor of Dentistry and Practice Coordinator, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine
Approach to the Dental Patient

Sidney Cohen, MD

Reviewer

Professor of Medicine and Director, Research Programs, Thomas Jefferson University
Gastritis and Peptic Ulcer Disease; Bezoars and Foreign Bodies

Kathryn Colby, MD, PhD

Author

Associate Professor of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School
Surgeon in Ophthalmology, Cornea Service, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary
Approach to the Ophthalmologic Patient; Symptoms of Ophthalmologic Disorders; Cataract; Eye Trauma

Harold R. Collard

Author

Associate Professor, Department of MedicineUniversity of California San Francisco
Interstitial Lung Diseases

Daniel W. Collison, MD

Author

Associate Professor of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Dermatology, Dartmouth Medical School
Benign Skin Tumors

Eve R. Colson, MD

Author

Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine
Director, Well Newborn Nursery, Yale-New Haven Children's Hospital
Approach to the Care of Normal Infants and Children; Caring for Sick Children and Their Families; Perinatal Physiology

Mary Ann Cooper, MD

Author

Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago
Electrical and Lightning Injuries

William Coryell, MD

Author

George Winokur Professor of Psychiatry, University of Iowa
Mood Disorders

Bryan D. Cowan, MD

Author

Professor and Chairman, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Mississippi Medical Center
Uterine Fibroids

Ricardo Cruciani, MD, PhD

Author

Clinical Assistant and Professor, Department of Neurology and Anesthesiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine
Director, Research Division, Department of Pain Medicine and Palliative Care, Beth Israel Medical Center
Neurotransmission

Burke A. Cunha, MD

Author

Professor of Medicine, State University of New York School of Medicine, Stony Brook
Chief, Infectious Disease Division, Winthrop-University Hospital, Mineola
Gram-Negative Bacilli; Spirochetes

Emmett T. Cunningham, Jr., MD, PhD, MPH

Author

Professor of Ophthalmology, Stanford University
Director, The Uveitis Service, California Pacific Medical Center and Clinic
Uveitis and Related Disorders

Drew C. Cutler, MD

Author

Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine
Cystic Kidney Disease

Patricia A. Daly, MD

Author

Visiting Assistant Professor of Medicine, University of Virginia
Clinical Endocrinologist, Front Royal Internal Medicine, VA
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN) Syndromes

Daniel F. Danzl, MD

Author

Professor and Chair, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine
Cold Injury

Norman L. Dean, MD

Author

Fellow (Emeritus), American College of Chest Physicians
Lifetime Fellow, American College of Physicians
Drowning

Peter J. Delves, PhD

Author

Professor of Immunology, Department of Immunology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
Biology of the Immune System; Allergic, Autoimmune, and Other Hypersensitivity Disorders

Marc A. de Moya

Author

Assisting Visiting SurgeonMassachusetts General Hospital, Division of Trauma, Emergency Surgery & Critical Care
Assistant Professor of SurgeryHarvard Medical School
Shock and Fluid Resuscitation

Ara DerMarderosian, PhD

Reviewer

Professor of Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Chemistry, Roth Chair of Natural Products, Scientific Director, Complementary and Alternative Medicine Institute, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia
Dietary Supplements

Deepinder K. Dhaliwal, MD

Author

Director, Cornea & Refractive Surgery Services, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh Eye Center
Associate Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
Refractive Error

A. Damian Dhar, MD, JD

Reviewer

Bacterial Skin Infections

Michael C. DiMarino, MD

Author

Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University
Esophageal and Swallowing Disorders; Diverticular Disease

James G. H. Dinulos, MD

Author

Adjunct Associate Professor of Surgery (Dermatology), Dartmouth Medical School
Cornification Disorders; Parasitic Skin Infections; Viral Skin Diseases

Caroline Carney Doebbeling, MD, MSc

Author

Chief Executive Officer, Cetan Health Consultants LLC, Indianapolis, IN
Chief Medical Officer, MDwise, Inc., Indianapolis, IN
Approach to the Patient With Mental Symptoms

Karl Doghramji, MD

Author

Professor of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Medicine, and Medical Director, Jefferson Sleep Disorders Center, Thomas Jefferson University
Sleep and Wakefulness Disorders

James D. Douketis, MD

Author

Professor of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, St. Joseph Hospital Healthcare, Ontario
Lymphatic Disorders

Daniel A. Doyle, MD

Author

Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University
Division of Endocrinology, A.I. duPont Children's Hospital
Growth and Development

Antonette T. Dulay, MD

Author

Assistant Professor, Maternal-Fetal Medicine Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine
Abnormalities of Pregnancy

Jeffrey S. Dungan, MD

Author

Associate Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine
Prenatal Genetic Counseling and Evaluation

Derrick A. Dupre, MD

Author

Department of Neurological Surgery, Allegheny General Hospital
Spinal Trauma

Soumitra R. Eachempati, MD

Author

Associate Professor of Surgery and Public Health, Weill Cornell Medical College
Approach to the Critically Ill Patient

Megan A. Economidis, MD

Author

Associate Director, Fellowship in Family Planning, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
Family Planning

Esther Eisenberg, MD

Author

Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
Medical Officer, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
Endometriosis

Sherman Elias, MD

Author

John J. Sciarra Professor and Chair, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; Chairman, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Prentice Women's Hospital of Northwestern Memorial Hospital
John J. Sciarra Professor and Chair, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine
Chairman, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Prentice Women's Hospital of Northwestern Memorial Hospital
Prenatal Genetic Counseling and Evaluation

Alberto Espay

Author

Associate Professor, Department of NeurologyUniversity of Cincinnati
Movement and Cerebellar Disorders

B. Mark Evers

Author

Professor and Vice-Chairman of Research, Department of Surgery and Director, Markey Cancer CenterUniversity of Kentucky
Carcinoid Tumors

Christopher Fecarotta, MD

Author

Eye Defects and Conditions in Children

Norah C. Feeny, PhD

Author

Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, Case Western Reserve University
Medical Examination of the Rape Victim

Teodoro Ernesto Figueroa, MD

Author

Chief, Division of Pediatric Urology, Alfred I. duPont Nemours Hospital for Children
Clinical Associate Professor of Urology, Thomas Jefferson University
Incontinence in Children

Michael C. Fiore, MD, MPH, MBA

Author

Professor of Medicine, University of Wisconsin Medical School and Public Health
Director, niversity of Wisconsin Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention
Smoking Cessation

Chin-To Fong, MD

Author

Associate Professor of Pediatrics and Medicine, Biochemistry & Biophysics, Medical Humanities and Dentistry and Chief, Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry
Inherited Disorders of Metabolism

Steven D. Freedman, MD, PhD

Author

Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School
Director, The Pancreas Center, and Chief, Division of Translational Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
Pancreatitis

Marvin P. Fried, MD

Author

Professor and University Chairman, Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head & Neck Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine
Approach to the Patient With Nasal and Pharyngeal Symptoms; Nose and Paranasal Sinus Disorders

Dmitry Gabrilovich, MD, PhD

Author

Christopher M. Davis Professor in Cancer Research, Program Leader, Translational Tumor Immunology, The Wistar Institute
Tumor Immunology

Pierluigi Gambetti, MD

Author

Professor and Director, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Institute of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Case Western Reserve University
Prion Diseases

Sunir J. Garg, MD, FACS

Author

Assistant Surgeon, The Retina Service of Wills Eye Institute
Associate Professor of Ophthalmology, Thomas Jefferson University
Retinal Disorders

James Garrity, MD

Author

Whitney and Betty MacMillan Professor of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic
Eyelid and Lacrimal Disorders; Optic Nerve Disorders; Orbital Diseases

Brian K. Gehlbach, MD

Author

Assistant Professor of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Chicago
Respiratory Failure and Mechanical Ventilation

David M. Gershenson, MD

Author

Professor and Chairman, Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
Gynecologic Tumors

Elias A. Giraldo, MD, MS

Author

Associate Professor and Director, Hahnemann University Hospital Stroke Program, Department of Neurology, Drexel University College of Medicine
Stroke (CVA)

Anne Carol Goldberg, MD

Author

Associate Professor of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine
Lipid Disorders

Stephen E. Goldfinger, MD

Author

Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School
Physician, Massachusetts General Hospital
Hereditary Periodic Fever Syndromes

Hector A. Gonzalez-Usigli, MD

Author

Fellow, Division of Neurology, University of Cincinnati
Movement and Cerebellar Disorders

M. Jay Goodkind, MD

Author

Associate Professor (Emeritus) of Clinical Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
Chief of Cardiology (Retired), Mercer Medical Center
Cardiac Tumors

Carmen E. Gota, MD

Author

Staff Physician, Department of Rheumatology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation
Vasculitis

Norton J. Greenberger, MD

Reviewer

Clinical Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School
Senior Physician, Brigham and Women's Hospital
Symptoms of GI Disorders; Approach to the GI Patient

John E. Greenlee, MD

Reviewer

Brain Infections; Meningitis

John H. Greist, MD

Author

Clinical Professor of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health
Distinguished Senior Scientist, Madison Institute of Medicine, Inc.
Anxiety Disorders

Ashley B. Grossman, MD, FRCP, FMedSci

Author

Professor of Endocrinology, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford
Adrenal Disorders

Ravindu Gunatilake

Author

Assistant Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal MedicineUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center
Drugs in Pregnancy

John G. Gunderson, MD

Author

Professor of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School
Director, Psychosocial and Personality Research, Borderline Personality Disorder Center, McLean Hospital
Personality Disorders

Rula A. Hajj-ali, MD

Author

Staff Physician, Center of Vasculitis Care and Research, Department of Rheumatic and Immunologic Disease, Cleveland Clinic Foundation
Autoimmune Rheumatic Disorders

Jesse B. Hall, MD

Author

Professor of Medicine, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care and Section Chief, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Chicago
Respiratory Failure and Mechanical Ventilation

Judith G. Hall, MD

Author

Professor Emeritus of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia
General Principles of Medical Genetics

John W. Hallett, Jr., MD

Author

Clinical Professor of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina
Medical Director and Vascular Surgeon, Roper St. Francis Heart and Vascular Center
Diseases of the Aorta and Its Branches; Peripheral Arterial Disorders

Kevin C. Hazen, PhD

Author

Professor of Pathology and Director of Clinical Microbiology, Duke University Health System
Laboratory Diagnosis of Infectious Disease

R. Phillips Heine, MD

Author

Associate Professor and Director, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University
Approach to the Pregnant Woman and Prenatal Care; Symptoms During Pregnancy

Melissa R. Held, MD

Author

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine
Director, Inpatient Pediatrics Clerkship, Connecticut Children's Medical Center
Approach to the Care of Normal Infants and Children

Susan L. Hendrix, DO

Reviewer

Clinical Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Michigan State University School of Osteopathic Medicine
Partner, Hutzel Women's Hospital at the Detroit Medical Center
Menopause

Steven K. Herrine, MD

Author

Professor of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Thomas Jefferson University
Assistant Dean for Academic Affairs, Jefferson Medical College
Approach to the Patient With Liver Disease; Drugs and the Liver; Liver Masses and Granulomas

Jerome M. Hershman, MD

Reviewer

Thyroid Disorders

Martin Hertl, MD, PhD

Author

Assistant Professor of Surgery, Harvard Medical School
Surgical Director, Liver Transplantation Program, Massachusetts General Hospital
Transplantation

Lyall A. J. Higginson, MD

Author

Professor of Medicine, University of Ottawa Heart Institute
Symptoms of Cardiovascular Disorders

Irvin H. Hirsch, MD

Author

Clinical Professor of Urology, Department of Urology, Thomas Jefferson University
Male Reproductive Endocrinology and Related Disorders; Male Sexual Dysfunction

Brian D. Hoit, MD

Author

Professor of Medicine and Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University
Director of Echocardiography, Harrington-McLaughlin Heart and Vascular Center, University Hospitals, Case Medical Center
Pericarditis

Juebin Huang, MD, PhD

Author

Associate Professor, Department of Neurology, The University of Mississippi Medical Center
Delirium and Dementia

Wendy W. Huang, MD, PhD

Author

Eye Defects and Conditions in Children

Daniel A. Hussar, PhD

Reviewer

Factors Affecting Response to Drugs; Concepts in Pharmacotherapy

Michael Jacewicz, MD

Reviewer

Professor of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center
Assistant Chief of Neurology, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Memphis
Symptoms of Joint Disorders

Harry S. Jacob, MD

Author

Professor of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School
Editor-in-Chief, Hematology/Oncology Today
Spleen Disorders

Jon A. Jacobson, MD

Author

Associate Professor of Radiology, University of Michigan
Principles of Radiologic Imaging

Navin Jaipaul, MD, MHS

Author

Associate Professor of Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine
Attending Nephrologist, VA Loma Linda Healthcare System
Glomerular Disorders; Tubulointerstitial Diseases

Larry E. Johnson, MD, PhD

Author

Associate Professor of Geriatrics and Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
Attending Physician, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System
Vitamin Deficiency, Dependency, and Toxicity; Mineral Deficiency and Toxicity

Robert G. Johnson, MD

Author

C. Rollins Hanlon Professor and Chair, Department of Surgery, Saint Louis University School of Medicine
Care of the Surgical Patient

Brian D. Johnston

Reviewer

Sports Injury; Exercise

Hugh F. Johnston, MD

Author

Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry and Office of Continuing Medical Education, University of Wisconsin Medical School
Medical Director, Bureau of Mental Health and Substance Abuse
Mental Disorders in Children and Adolescents

Thomas V. Jones, MD, MPH

Author

Director, Inflammatory Diseases, Specialty Care Unit, Pfizer
Motion Sickness

Jaime Jordan

Author

Department of Emergency MedicineHarbor-UCLA Medical Center
Approach to the Trauma Patient

Nicholas Jospe, MD

Author

Professor of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry
Metabolic, Electrolyte, and Toxic Disorders in Neonates; Endocrine Disorders in Children

Michael J. Joyce, MD

Author

Associate Clinical Professor, Orthopaedic Surgery, Case Western Reserve University
Orthopaedic Surgeon, Cleveland Clinic
Tumors of Bones and Joints

James O. Judge, MD

Author

Assistant Associate Clinical Professor of Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine
Medical Direcgtor, Evercare Connecticut
Gait Disorders in the Elderly

Anand D. Kantak, MD

Author

Clinical Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Northeastern Ohio Universities Colleges of Medicine and Pharmacology, Rootstown
Director, Division of Neonatology, Akron Children's Hospital
Respiratory Disorders in Neonates, Infants, and Young Children

Daniel B. Kaplan, MSW

Author

Doctoral Student, Columbia University School of Social Work
Program Evaluator, Hartford Faculty Scholars Program
Social Issues in the Elderly; Elder Abuse

Kenneth M. Kaye, MD

Author

Assistant Professor, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School
Viruses; Herpesviruses; Arboviridae, Arenaviridae, and Filoviridae

James W. Kendig, MD

Author

Professor of Pediatrics, Penn State University College of Medicine
Perinatal Problems

Bradley W. Kesser, MD

Author

Associate Professor, Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine
External Ear Disorders

Preeti Kishore, MD

Author

Assistant Professor of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine
Diabetes Mellitus and Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism

James P. Knochel, MD

Author

Clinical Professor of Internal Medicine, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas
Past Chairman, Department of Internal Medicine, Presbyterian Hospital of Dallas
Heat Illness

Jennifer Knudtson

Author

Clinical Instructor, Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility Fellow Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
Female Reproductive Endocrinology

David N. Korones, MD

Author

Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Oncology, and Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center
Pediatric Cancers

Daniela Kroshinsky, MD, MPH

Author

Dermatology Associate, Massachusetts General Hospital
Pressure Ulcers

David J. Kuter

Author

ProfessorHarvard Medical School
Director, Center for HematologyMassachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center
Thrombocytopenia and Platelet Dysfunction; Bleeding Due to Abnormal Blood Vessels

Jules Y. T. Lam, MD, FRCP(C)

Author

Associate Professor of Medicine, University of Montreal
Cardiologist, Montreal Heart Institute
Arteriosclerosis

Lewis Landsberg, MD

Author

Irving S. Cutter Professor of Medicine and Dean (Emeritus), Northwestern University
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN) Syndromes

Jennifer Le, PharmD, BCPS-ID

Author

Associate Professor of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California San Diego, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Pharmacokinetics

Noah Lechtzin, MD, MHS

Author

Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Approach to the Pulmonary Patient; Symptoms of Pulmonary Disorders; Diagnostic Pulmonary Procedures

Mathew H. M. Lee, MD

Author

Howard A. Rusk Professor of Rehabilitation Medicine and Chairman, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, New York University School of Medicine
Rehabilitation

Joseph R. Lentino, MD, PhD

Author

Professor of Medicine, Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine
Chief, Infectious Diseases, Hines VA Hospital
Anaerobic Bacteria

Michael C. Levin, MD

Reviewer

Professor of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center
Approach to the Neurologic Patient

Wendy S. Levinbook, MD

Author

Private Practice, Hartford Dermatology Associates
Hair Disorders

Matthew E. Levison, MD

Reviewer

Adjunct Professor of Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine
Professor School of Public Health, Drexel University
Bacteria and Antibacterial Drugs

Richard Levitan, MD

Author

Associate Professor of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson Univerity Hospitals
President, Airway Cam Tech, Inc.
Respiratory Arrest

Sharon Levy, MD, MPH

Author

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School
Center for Adolescent Substance Abuse Research, Children's Hospital, Boston
Approach to the Care of Adolescents

James L. Lewis, III, MD

Author

Nephrology Associates, P.C. of Birmingham
Fluid Metabolism; Electrolyte Disorders; Acid-Base Regulation and Disorders

Alan E. Lichtin, MD

Author

Staff Hematologist-Oncologist, Cleveland Clinic
Associate Professor, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine
Approach to the Patient With Anemia; Anemias Caused by Deficient Erythropoiesis; Anemias Caused by Hemolysis

Paul L. Liebert, MD

Author

Private Practice, Tomah Memorial Hospital, Tomah, WI
Sports Injury

Richard W. Light, MD

Author

Professor of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
Mediastinal and Pleural Disorders

Gregory S. Liptak, MD, MPH

Author

Professor of Pediatrics and Director, Center for Development, Behavior, and Genetics, Upstate Medical University
Congenital Craniofacial and Musculoskeletal Abnormalities; Congenital Neurologic Anomalies

Jeffrey M. Lipton, MD, PhD

Author

Chief, Hematology/Oncology, Schneider Children's Hospital
Professor of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine
Histiocytic Syndromes

Elliot M. Livstone, MD

Author

Attending Physician, Sarasota Memorial Hospital, Sarasota, FL
Tumors of the GI Tract

Phillip Low, MD

Author

Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Professor of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine
Autonomic Nervous System

Lawrence R. Lustig, MD

Author

Francis A. Sooy, MD, Professor in Otolaryngology, Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of California San Francisco
Division Chief of Otology & Neurotology, University of California San Francisco
Inner Ear Disorders

Joanne Lynn, MD, MA, MS

Reviewer

The Dying Patient

Robert J. MacNeal, MD

Author

Assistant Professor, Department of General Internal Medicine and Section of Dermatology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center
Approach to the Dermatologic Patient; Reactions to Sunlight

Vinaya Maddukuri, MD

Author

Fellow in Advanced Hepatology and Clinical and Translational Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Carolinas Medical Center
Porphyrias

Marcella A. Madera, MD

Author

Instructor, Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

Kenneth Maiese, MD

Author

Professor and Chair, Cellular and Molecular Signaling, Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Jersey Health Sciences University
Coma and Impaired Consciousness

Darren Malinoski, MD

Author

Associate Professor, Department of Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University
Chief, Section of Surgical Critical Care, Portland VA Medical Center
Abdominal Trauma

John T. McBride, MD

Author

Professor of Pediatrics, Northeastern Ohio Universities Colleges of Medicine and Pharmacology, Rootstown
Vice-Chair, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital
Respiratory Disorders in Neonates, Infants, and Young Children

Margaret C. McBride, MD

Author

Professor of Pediatrics (Neurology), Northeastern Ohio Universities Colleges of Medicine and Pharmacology, Rootstown
Director, Neurodevelopmental Center, Akron Children's Hospital
Neurologic Disorders in Children; Neurocutaneous Syndromes

J. Allen McCutchan, MD, MSc

Author

Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV); Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)

Douglas L. McGee, DO

Author

Director, Emergency Medicine Residency Program, Albert Einstein Medical Center
Chief Academic Officer, Albert Einsterin Healthcare Network
Clinical Decision Making

Robert S. McKelvie, MD, PhD, MSc

Author

Professor of Medicine, McMaster University
Medical Director, Cardiac Health and Rehabilitation Center
Sports and the Heart

Karen McKoy, MD, MPH

Reviewer

Senior Staff, Department of Dermatology, Lahey Clinic Medical Center
Principles of Topical Dermatologic Therapy; Acne and Related Disorders; Dermatitis

James I. McMillan, MD

Reviewer

Acute Kidney Injury; Chronic Kidney Disease; Renal Replacement Therapy; Renal Transport Abnormalities

S. Gene McNeeley, MD

Reviewer

Chief of Gynecology, Hutzel Women's Hospital
Clinical Professor, Michigan State University, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Hutzel Women's Health Specialists
Benign Gynecologic Lesions; Pelvic Relaxation Syndromes

Noshir R. Mehta, DMD, MDS, MS

Author

Professor and Director, Craniofacial Pain Center; Associate Dean, Global Relations, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine
Temporomandibular Disorders

Matthew C. Miles

Author

Assistant Professor of Medicine, Pulmonary Disease, and Critical CareWake Forest School of Medicine
Asthma and Related Disorders

Daniel R. Mishell, Jr., MD

Author

The Lyle G. McNeile Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
Chief Physician, Women's and Children's Hospital, Los Angeles County and University of Southern California Medical Center
Family Planning

L. Brent Mitchell, MD

Author

Professor and Head, Department of Cardiac Sciences, University of Calgary
Director, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Calgary Health Region and University of Calgary
Arrhythmias and Conduction Disorders

Richard T. Miyamoto, MD

Author

Arilla Spence DeVault Professor and Chairman, Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine
Middle Ear and Tympanic Membrane Disorders

Joel L. Moake, MD

Author

Senior Research Scientist, Rice University
Professor of Medicine (Emeritus), Baylor College of Medicine
Hemostasis; Thrombotic Disorders; Coagulation Disorders

Julie S. Moldenhauer, MD

Author

Medical Director, The Special Delivery Unit, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
Abnormalities and Complications of Labor and Delivery; Postpartum Care and Associated Disorders

John E. Morley, MB, BCh

Reviewer

Undernutrition; Principles of Endocrinology

Angela Cafiero Moroney, PharmD

Author

Senior Clinical Science Manager, Renal CSM Organization, Global Medical Affairs, GPRD, AbbVie, Inc
Pharmacodynamics

Alex Moroz, MD, FACP

Author

Assistant Professor, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, New York University School of Medicine
Director of Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Unit and Director of Residency Training and Medical Education, Rusk Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine
Rehabilitation

Sam P. Most, MD

Author

Chief, Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University
Facial Trauma

David F. Murchison, DDS, MMS

Reviewer

Clinical Professor, Texas A & M Health Science Center, Baylor College of Dentistry
Senior Lecturer, University of Texas at Dallas
Symptoms of Dental and Oral Disorders; Dental Emergencies

Carlene A. Muto, MD, MS

Author

Assistant Professor, Medicine and Epidemiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
Medical Director of Infection Control, Donald D. Wolff, Jr., Center for Quality Improvement and Innovation, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Health System
Neisseriaceae

Raj K. Narayan, MD

Author

Frank H. Mayfield Professor and Chairman, The Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Mayfield Clinic
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

Edward A. Nardell, MD

Author

Associate Professor, Harvard Medical School, Harvard School of Public Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital
Mycobacteria

John H. Newman, MD

Author

Elsa S. Hanigan Professor of Pulmonary Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine
Pulmonary Embolism; Pulmonary Hypertension

Lee S. Newman, MD, MA

Author

Professor, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health and Department of Medicine, University of Colorado at Denver
Sarcoidosis; Environmental Pulmonary Diseases

Jennifer R. Niebyl, MD

Author

Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine
Conception and Prenatal Development

Mary Lynn R. Nierodzik, MD

Author

Associate Professor, New York University School of Medicine
Chief, Hematology/Oncology, Bellevue Hospital Center
Eosinophilic Disorders

John K. Niparko, MD

Author

Associate Professor, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Hearing Loss

James M. O'Brien, Jr., MD, MSc

Author

Associate Professor, Center for Critical Care, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University Medical Center
Tests of Pulmonary Function (PFT)

Patrick G. O'Connor, MD, MPH

Author

Professor of Medicine; Chief, Section of General Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine
Drug Use and Dependence

Robert E O'Connor, MD, MPH

Author

Professor and Chair of Emergency Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine
Cardiac Arrest

Gerald F. O'Malley, DO

Author

Associate Professor of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University and Hospital
Poisoning

Rika O'Malley, MD

Author

Poisoning

James T. Pacala, MD, MS

Author

Associate Professor and Distinguished University Teaching Professor, Family Practice and Community Health, University of Minnesota Medical School
Prevention of Disease and Disability in the Elderly

Steven A. Paget, MD

Author

Professor of Medicine and Physician in Chief, Division of Rheumatology, Hospital for Special Surgery and Weill Medical College of Cornell University
Approach to the Patient With Joint Disease

Elizabeth J. Palumbo, MD

Author

Private Practice, The Pediatric Group, Fairfax, VA
Miscellaneous Disorders in Infants and Children

David M. Pariser

Professor, Department of DermatologyEastern Virginia Medical School
Sweating Disorders

Roy A. Patchell, MD

Author

Intracranial and Spinal Tumors

Avinash S. Patil

Author

Fellow, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, and Fellow, Duke Clinical ResearchDuke University Medical Center
Drugs in Pregnancy

David A. Paul, MD

Author

Professor of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University Medical College
Attending Neonatologist, Christiana Care Health System
Perinatal Hematologic Disorders

Richard D. Pearson, MD

Author

Professor of Medicine and Pathology, Associate Dean for Student Affairs, University of Virginia School of Medicine
Approach to Parasitic Infections; Nematodes (Roundworms); Trematodes (Flukes); Cestodes (Tapeworms); Intestinal Protozoa; Extraintestinal Protozoa

Lawrence L. Pelletier, Jr., MD

Author

Professor, Internal Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine
Staff Physician, Robert J. Dole VA Medical and Regional Office Center, Wichita
Professor, Internal Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine
Endocarditis

Maria T. Perez, MD

Author

Associate Pathologist, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, , Wellington Regional Medical Center, West Palm Beach
Gram-Positive Cocci; Gram-Positive Bacilli

Frank Pessler, MD, PhD

Author

Pediatric Rheumatologist, Klinik und Polyklinik für Kinder und Jagendmedizin, Medizinische Fakultät Carl-Gustav-Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
Rheumatic Fever; Connective Tissue Disorders in Children; Bone Disorders in Children; Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis

Stephen P. Peters, MD, PhD

Author

Professor of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Translational Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine
Associate Director, Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest Health Sciences
Asthma and Related Disorders

William A. Petri, Jr., MD, PhD

Author

Wade Hampton Frost Professor of Epidemiology and Chief, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia School of Medicine
Rickettsiae and Related Organisms

Katharine A. Phillips, MD

Author

Professor of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Butler Hosital and The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University
Somatoform and Factitious Disorders

JoAnn V. Pinkerton, MD

Author

Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Director, Division of Midlife Health, University of Virginia Health System
Menstrual Abnormalities

Russell K. Portenoy, MD

Author

Professor of Neurology and Anesthesiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine
Chairman, Department of Pain Medicine and Palliative Care, Beth Israel Medical Center
Pain

Carol S. Portlock, MD

Author

Professor of Clinical Medicine, Weill Cornell University Medical College
Attending Physician, Lymphoma Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center
Lymphomas

Nina N. Powell-Hamilton, MD

Author

Medical Genetics, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children
Chromosomal Anomalies

Josef T. Prchal, MD

Author

Professor of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Utah; George E. Wahlen VA Medical Center
Myeloproliferative Disorders

Glenn M. Preminger, MD

Author

Director, Duke Comprehensive Kidney Stone Center, Duke University Medical Center
Professor and Chief, Duke University Medical Center
Obstructive Uropathy; Urinary Calculi

Sally Pullman-Mooar, MD

Author

Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Pennsylvania
Chief, Department of Rheumatology, Philadelphia VA Medical Center
Neck and Back Pain

Ronald Rabinowitz, MD

Author

Professor of Urology and Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry
Chief of Pediatric Urology, Strong Memorial and Rochester General Hospitals
Congenital Renal and Genitourinary Anomalies

Pedro T. Ramirez, MD

Author

Professor, Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
Gynecologic Tumors

Robert W. Rebar, MD

Author

Executive Director, American Society for Reproductive Medicine
Volunteer Clinical Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama, Birmingham
Infertility

Wingfield E. Rehmus, MD, MPH

Author

Clinical Assistant Professor, University of British Columbia
Hypersensitivity and Inflammatory Disorders; Nail Disorders

Douglas J. Rhee, MD

Author

Assistant Professor, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School
Glaucoma

Candido E. Rivera

Author

Division of Hematology and OncologyMayo Clinic
Iron Overload

Melvin I. Roat, MD, FACS

Reviewer

Clinical Associate Professor, Wills Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University
Conjunctival and Scleral Disorders; Corneal Disorders

James R. Roberts, MD

Reviewer

Professor and Vice Chairman, Department of Emergency Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine
Chair, Department of Emergency Medicine and Director, Division of Toxicology, Mercy Catholic Medical Center
Fractures, Dislocations, and Sprains

Beryl J. Rosenstein, MD

Author

Professor of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and Johns Hopkins Hospital, Cystic Fibrosis Center
Cystic Fibrosis (CF)

Steven Rosenzweig, MD

Author

Clinical Associate Professor, Drexel University College of Medicine
Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Fred H. Rubin, MD

Author

Chair, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center-Shadyside
Professor of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
Immunization

Michael Rubin, MDCM

Author

Professor of Clinical Neurology, Weill Cornell Medical College
Director, Neuromuscular Service and EMG Laboratory, New York Presbyterian Hospital-Cornell Medical Center
Neuro-ophthalmologic and Cranial Nerve Disorders; Craniocervical Junction Abnormalities; Peripheral Nervous System and Motor Unit Disorders; Spinal Cord Disorders; Inherited Muscular Disorders

Atenodoro R. Ruiz, Jr., MD

Author

Attending Physician, Department of Medicine Gastroenterology, Kaiser-Permanente, Santa Clara
Malabsorption Syndromes

J. Mark Ruscin, PharmD

Author

Professor, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville School of Pharmacy
Drug Therapy in the Elderly

Julie E. Russak, MD

Author

Melanoma Fellow, Rigel Dermatology (Private Practice Associated with New York University Medical Center)
Bullous Diseases

Paul S. Russell, MD

Author

John Homans Distinguished Professor of Surgery, Harvard Medical School
Senior Surgeon, Massachusetts General Hospital
Transplantation

Anna E. Rutherford, MD, MPH

Author

Hepatitis

Lawrence M. Ryan, MD

Author

Professor of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin
Crystal-Induced Arthritides

Michael E. Rytting

Author

Associate ProfessorUniversity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Leukemia
Associate ProfessorUniversity of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer, Division of Pediatrics, Patient Care, Section of Leukemia/Lymphoma
Leukemias

Charles Sabatino, JD

Author

Adjunct Professor, Georgetown University Law Center
Director, Commission on Law and Aging, American Bar Association
Medicolegal Issues

David B. Sachar, MD

Author

Clinical Professor of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Director (Emeritus), Dr. Henry D. Janovitz Division of Gastroenterology, The Mount Sinai Hospital
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)

Seyed-Ali Sadjadi, MD

Reviewer

Associate Professor of Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine
Approach to the Genitourinary Patient; Symptoms of Genitourinary Disorders; Genitourinary Tests and Procedures; Renovascular Disorders

Scott Samuelson, MD

Author

Instructor of Medicine, Hematology Division, University of Utah
Attending Physician, Utah Cancer Specialists
Myeloproliferative Disorders

Christopher Sanford, MD, MPH, DTM&H

Author

Associate Professor, Department of Family Medicine, University of Washington
Associate Professor, Department of Global Health, University of Washington
Medical Aspects of Travel

Ravindra Sarode, MD

Author

Professor of Pathology and Director, Transfusion Medicine and Hemostasis Laboratory, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas
Transfusion Medicine

Clarence T. Sasaki, MD

Author

The Charles W. Oshe Professor of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine
President, American Laryngological Association
Associate Editor, Dysphagia
Oral and Pharyngeal Disorders; Laryngeal Disorders

Erik Schaffer, CP

Author

President, A Step Ahead Prosthetics, Hicksville, NY
Limb Prosthetics

Peter C. Schalock, MD

Author

Instructor in Dermatology, Harvard Medical School
Assistant in Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital
Psoriasis and Scaling Diseases; Pigmentation Disorders

Steven Schmitt, MD

Author

Head, Section of Bone and Joint Infections, Department of Infectious Disease, Cleveland Clinic
Infections of Joints and Bones

Marvin I. Schwarz, MD

Author

The James C. Campbell Professor of Pulmonary Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver
Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage and Pulmonary-Renal Syndrome

Eldon A. Shaffer, MD

Author

Professor of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary
Testing for Hepatic and Biliary Disorders; Alcoholic Liver Disease; Fibrosis and Cirrhosis; Vascular Disorders of the Liver; Gallbladder and Bile Duct Disorders

Stewart Shankel, MD

Reviewer

Clinical Professor of Medicine and Director of Clinical Medicine, University of California, Riverside
Urinary Tract Infections (UTI)

Michael J. Shea, MD

Author

Professor of Internal Medicine, Section Head, Cardiovascular Medicine Outpatient Services and Clinical Evaluation, University of Michigan Health Systems
Cardiovascular Tests and Procedures

Patrick J. Shenot, MD

Author

Associate Professor of Urology, Thomas Jefferson University
Voiding Disorders; Penile and Scrotal Disorders

David D. Sherry, MD

Author

Professor of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania
Director, Clinical Rheumatology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
Rheumatic Fever; Connective Tissue Disorders in Children; Bone Disorders in Children; Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis

Stephen D. Silberstein, MD

Author

Director, Jefferson Headache Center, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital
Professor of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University
Headache

Daphne Simeon, MD

Author

Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Dissociative Disorders

Adam J. Singer, MD

Author

Professor and Vice Chairman for Research, Department of Emergency Medicine, Stony Brook University and Medical Center
Lacerations

Richard V. Smith, MD

Author

Vice Chair, Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine
Director, Head & Neck Service, Montefiore Medical Center
Tumors of the Head and Neck

David E. Soper, MD

Author

Professor and Vice Chairman for Clinical Affairs, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of South Carolina
Vaginitis, Cervicitis, and Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

David R. Steinberg, MD

Author

Associate Professor, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Director, Hand & Upper Extremity Fellowship, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania
Hand Disorders

Marvin E. Steinberg, MD

Author

Professor (Emeritus) of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
Osteonecrosis

Lauren Strazzula, BA

Author

Dermatology Associate, Massachusetts General Hospital
Pressure Ulcers

Kingman P. Strohl, MD

Author

Professor of Medicine, Oncology, Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University Hospitals Case Medical Center
Director, Center for Sleep Disorders Research, Case Western Reserve University
Sleep Apnea

Albert J. Stunkard, MD

Author

Professor of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
Eating Disorders

Alan M. Sugar, MD

Author

Professor of Medicine (Emeritus), Boston University School of Medicine
Medical Director, Infectious Disease Clinical Services and HIV/AIDS Program, Cape Cod Healthcare
Fungi

Stephen Brian Sulkes, MD

Author

Professor of Pediatrics, Division of Neurodevelopmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Golisano Children's Hospital at Strong, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry
Behavioral Concerns and Problems in Children; Learning and Developmental Disorders

Geeta K. Swamy, MD

Author

Associate Professor, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center
Approach to the Pregnant Woman and Prenatal Care; Symptoms During Pregnancy

David A. Swanson, MD

Author

Clinical Professor, Department of Urology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
Genitourinary Cancer

Paul H. Tanser, MD

Reviewer

Professor of Medicine (Emeritus), McMaster University
Medical Cardiologist, North Shore and Waitakere Hospitals, Auckland
Medical Consultant, North Shore and Waitakere Hospitals, Aukland
Approach to the Cardiac Patient

Syed H. Tariq, MD

Author

Fellow, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine
Polyglandular Deficiency Syndromes

Joan B. Tarloff, PhD

Author

Professor, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia
Adverse Drug Reactions

Mary Territo, MD

Author

Professor of Medicine, Director of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, University of California, Los Angeles
Neutropenia and Lymphocytopenia

David R. Thomas, MD

Reviewer

Nutritional Support

Elizabeth Chabner Thompson, MD, MPH

Author

Private Practice, New York Group for Plastic Surgery
Overview of Cancer; Principles of Cancer Therapy

Shelly D. Timmons, MD, PhD

Author

Assistant Professor and Chief of Neurotrauma Division, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Tennessee College of Medicine
Private Practice, Semmes-Murphey Neurologic & Spine Institute
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

Amal Trivedi, MD, MPH

Author

Assistant Professor of Community Health, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University
Investigator, REAP On Outcomes and Quality in Chronic Disease and Rehabilitation, Providence VA Medical Center
Financial Issues in Health Care; Funding Health Care for the Elderly

Anne S. Tsao, MD

Author

Associate Professor, Director, Mesothelioma Program; Director, Thoracic Chemo-radiation Program, Department of Thoracic/Head & Neck Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center
Tumors of the Lungs

Debara L. Tucci, MD, MS

Author

Associate Professor of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Duke University Medical Center
Approach to the Patient With Ear Problems

Allan R. Tunkel, MD, PhD

Author

Chair, Department of Medicin, Monmouth Medical Center
Professor of Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine
Biology of Infectious Disease

Ronald B. Turner, MD

Author

Professor of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine
Respiratory Viruses

Alexander G.G. Turpie, MD

Author

Professor of Medicine, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences General Hospital
Peripheral Venous Disorders

James T. Ubertalli, DMD

Author

Assistant Clinical Professor, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine
Private Practice, Hingham, MA
Common Dental Disorders; Periodontal Disorders

Victor G. Vogel, MD, MHS

Author

National Vice President for Research, American Cancer Society
Breast Disorders

Aaron E. Walfish, MD

Author

Clinical Assistant Attending, Division of Digestive Diseases, Beth Israel Medical Center
Clinical Instructor, Mount Sinai Medical Center
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)

James Wayne Warnica, MD

Author

Coronary Artery Disease

Max Harry Weil, MD, PhD, ScD (Hon)

Author

Distinguished University Professor and Founding President, Weil Institute of Critical Care Medicine
Research Professor of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles
Sepsis and Septic Shock

Geoffrey A. Weinberg, MD

Author

Director, Pediatric HIV Program, Golisano Children's Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center
Professor of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry
Miscellaneous Infections in Infants and Children; Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection in Infants and Children

Gregory L. Wells, MD

Author

Resident in Dermatology, Dartmouth Medical School and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center
Cancers of the Skin

John B. West, MD, PhD, DSc

Author

Professor of Medicine and Physiology, University of California, San Diego
Altitude Diseases

Kendrick Alan Whitney, DPM

Author

Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine and Orthopedics, Temple University School of Podiatric Medicine
Foot and Ankle Disorders

James E. Wilberger, MD

Author

Professor and Chairman, Department of Neurosurgery, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh
Vice Dean, Drexel University College of Medicine
Spinal Trauma

Margaret-Mary G. Wilson, MD

Author

Medical Director, Health Services, United Healthcare, Maryland Heights
Nutrition: General Considerations; Syndromes of Uncertain Origin

G. Terence Wilson, PhD

Author

Oscar K. Buros Professor of Psychology, Graduate School of Applied and Professional Psychology, Rutgers University
Eating Disorders

Robert A. Wise, MD

Author

Professor of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Related Disorders

Steven E. Wolf, MD

Author

Professor and Vice-Chairman for Research, Burn Section, Department of Surgery, University of Texas - Southwestern Medical Center
Editor-in-Chief, BURNS
Burns

Adrienne Youdim, MD

Author

Director, Medical Weight Loss, Cedars-Sinai Center for Weight Loss
Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome

Contributors to Previous Version of Select Subjects

We recognize the important contributions of the following contributors who were involved with the previous version of a subject that has since undergone an update/revision. The subject(s) that they were responsible for are listed after their affiliations.

Moira L. Aitken, MD

Professor of Medicine, University of Washington
Bronchiectasis

Kenneth C. Anderson, MD

Kraft Family Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School
Chief, Division of Hematologic Neoplasia, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
Plasma Cell Disorders

John A. Astin, PhD

California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco
Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Brian M. Berman, MD

Professor of Family Medicine; Director, Center for Integrative Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine
Complementary and Alternative Medicine

John J. Caronna, MD

Professor of Clinical Neurology and Vice Chairman, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University
Stupor and Coma

Lan X. Chen, MD, PhD

Clinical Assistant Professor and Attending Rheumatologist, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center-Presbyterian and VAMC
Infections of Joints and Bones

William D. Chey, MD, FACG, FACP

Associate Professor, Director of Gastrointestinal Physiology Laboratory, University of Michigan
Bezoars and Foreign Bodies

Jill M. Cholette, MD

Critical Care Pediatrics Fellow, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry
Perinatal Hematologic Disorders

Robert B. Cohen, DMD

Clinical Associate Professor and Practice Coordinator, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine
Facial Trauma; Common Dental Disorders; Dental Emergencies; Approach to the Patient With Nasal, Oral, and Pharyngeal Symptoms

Sidney Cohen, MD

Professor of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital
Esophageal and Swallowing Disorders

Daniel W. Collison, MD

Associate Professor of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Dermatology, Dartmouth Medical School
Pigmentation Disorders; Psoriasis and Scaling Diseases

Ralph E. Cutler, MD

Professor of Medicine (Emeritus), Loma Linda University School of Medicine
Consultant in Nephrology, Loma Linda VAMC
Approach to the Genitourinary Patient; Tubulointerstitial Diseases; Urinary Tract Infections

Johanna P. Daily, MD

Associate Physician, Brigham and Women's Hospital
Instructor, Harvard Medical School
Viruses

Ronald Dee, MD

Associate Clinical Professor of Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx
Peripheral Venous and Lymphatic Disorders

Craig S. Derkay, MD

Professor, Otolaryngology and Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School
Director, Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital of the King's Daughters, Norfolk
Oropharyngeal Disorders

John E. Edwards, Jr., MD

Professor of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA
Fungi

Jan Fawcett, MD

Professor of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico School of Medicine
Mood Disorders

Wayne S. Fenton, MD

Associate Director for Clinical Affairs, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda
Schizophrenia and Related Disorders

Thomas M. File, Jr., MD, MS

Professor of Internal Medicine and Master Teacher, Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine
Chief, Infectious Disease Service, Summa Health System
Gram-Positive Cocci; Gram-Positive Bacilli

Eugene P. Frenkel, MD

Professor of Internal Medicine and Radiology, Patsy R. and Raymond D. Nasher Distinguished Chair in Cancer Research; Elaine Dewey Sammons Distinguished Chair in Cancer Research in honor of Eugene P. Frenkel, MD; and A. Kenneth Pye Professorship in Cancer Research, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas
Spleen Disorders; Anemias Caused by Deficient Erythropoiesis; Anemias Caused by Hemolysis; Approach to the Patient With Anemia; Overview of Cancer

Marvin P. Fried, MD

Professor and University Chairman, Department of Otolaryngology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center
Facial Trauma

Steven M. Fruchtman, MD

Medical Director of Hematology, Tibotec Therapeutics, Bridgewater, NJ
Myeloproliferative Disorders

Marc Galanter, MD

Professor of Psychiatry and Director, Division of Alcoholism and Drug Abuse, New York University
Drug Use and Dependence

Barry Steven Gold, MD

Associate Professor of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Assistant Professor, Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine
Bites and Stings

Steven R. Goldstein, MD

Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York University School of Medicine
Director of Gynecologic Ultrasound, Co-Director, Bone Densitometry, New York University Medical Center
Menstrual Abnormalities

Jerry H. Gurwitz, MD

Chief, Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School
Executive Director, Meyers Primary Care Institute, Worcester
Drug Therapy in the Elderly

Judith G. Hall, Oc, MD, FRCP(C), FAAP, FCCMG, FABMG

Professor Emeritus of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia
Chromosomal Abnormalities

David M. Heimbach, MD

Professor of Surgery, University of Washington Burn Center, Harborview Medical Center
Burns

Michael J. Keating, MBBS

Professor of Medicine, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center
Leukemias

Nancy E. Lanphear, MD

Director of the Developmental Assessment Team for Infants and Toddlers and Pediatric Developmental Specialist, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
Behavioral Concerns and Problems

Harvey Lemont, DPM

Professor, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania College of Podiatric Medicine
Foot and Ankle Disorders

Norma B. Lerner, MD

Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Golisano Children's Hospital at Strong
Perinatal Hematologic Disorders

Charles J. Lockwood, MD

The Anita O'Keefe Young Professor and Chair, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine
Chief, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yale-New Haven Hospital
Abnormalities of Pregnancy

Edward R. Marcantonio, MD

Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School
Director of Research, Division of General Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
Delirium and Dementia

Richard J. Martin, MD

Professor of Medicine, National Jewish Medical and Research Center and University of Colorado Health Sciences Center
Asthma

Daniel Menkes, MD

Associate Professor of Neurology, University of Tennessee, Health Sciences Center at Memphis
Director, Clinical Neurophysiology Service and Winston Wolfe Peripheral Neuropathy Research Laboratory
Seizure Disorders; Peripheral Nervous System Disorders

John E. Morley, MB, BCh

Dammert Professor of Gerontology and Director, Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University Health Sciences Center
Director, Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, St. Louis VA Medical Center
Mineral Deficiency and Toxicity

Lawrence F. Nazarian, MD

Clinical Professor of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry
Physical Growth and Development

Deborah L. Nucatola, MD

Fellow, Family Planning, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
Family Planning

John S. Oghalai, MD

Assistant Professor, Department of Otolaryngology and Communicative Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine
Facial Trauma

Myung K. Park, MD

Professor (Emeritus), Division of Pediatric Cardiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio
Staff Cardiologist, Driscoll Children's Hospital, Corpus Christi
Congenital Cardiovascular Anomalies

Sidney F. Phillips, MD

Professor of Medicine, Karl F. and Marjory Hasselmann Professor of Research, Mayo Clinic
Approach to the Patient With Lower GI Complaints

Douglas J. Pritchard, MD

Consultant of Orthopedic Surgery and Oncology, Mayo Foundation, Rochester
Tumors of Bones and Joints

Wingfield E. Rehmus, MD, MPH

Co-Director of Clinical Trials and Clinical Instructor, Stanford University Department of Dermatology
Bullous Diseases; Hair Disorders

Norman Relkin, MD, PhD

Associate Professor of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University
Director, Cornell Memory Disorders Program, Weill Medical College of Cornell University
Function and Dysfunction of the Cerebral Lobes

Sheldon M. Retchin, MD, MSPH

Vice President of Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University
Chief Executive Officer, Virginia Commonwealth University Health System
The Elderly Driver

Melvin I. Roat, MD

Assistant Surgeon, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia
Eye Injuries; Eyelid Disorders; Conjunctival and Scleral Disorders; Cataract

Lanny J. Rosenwasser, MD

Marjorie and Stephen Raphael Chair in Asthma Research; Professor, Division of Allergy and Immunology, National Jewish Medical and Research Center
Professor of Medicine and Immunology, University of Colorado Health Science Center
Allergic and Other Hypersensitivity Disorders

Seyed-Ali Sadjadi, MD

Associate Professor of Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine
Renal Replacement Therapy

H. Ralph Schumacher, Jr., MD

Professor of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
Chief of Rheumatology, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia
Approach to the Patient With Joint Disease; Autoimmune Rheumatic Disorders; Infections of Joints and Bones; Vasculitis

Kathy Schwarzenberger, MD

Associate Professor of Medicine (Dermatology), Dartmouth Medical School
Approach to the Dermatologic Patient; Reactions to Sunlight

Jerome B. Simon, MD, FRCP(C), FACP

Professor of Medicine (Emeritus), Division of Gastroenterology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario
Drugs and the Liver; Hepatitis; Liver Masses and Granulomas, Approach to the Patient With Liver Disease

Robert Simon, MD

Professor and Executive FAAEM Chairman, Department of Emergency Medicine, Cook County Hospital, Rush Medical College, Rush University Medical Center
Fractures, Dislocations, and Sprains

Tammy L. Harris Sims, MD, MS

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention; University of Wisconsin Medical School
Smoking Cessation

Carl V. Smith, MD

Professor and Chair, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nebraska College of Medicine
Abnormalities and Complications of Labor and Delivery

Steven Spencer, MD

Professor of Medicine and Surgery, Department of Dermatology, Dartmouth Medical School
Cancers of the Skin

Scott M. Steidl, MD

Associate Professor and Director of Vitreoretinal Services, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Maryland School of Medicine
Retinal Disorders

Wendy Theobald, PhD

Assistant Researcher, Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention, University of Wisconsin
Smoking Cessation

Ronald Gary Tompkins, MD, ScD

John F. Burke Professor of Surgery, Harvard Medical School
Visiting Surgeon, Massachusetts General Hospital
Acute Abdomen and Surgical Gastroenterology; GI Bleeding; Diverticular Disease

Paul J. Vankevich, DMD

Assistant Professor of Oral Diagnosis and Oral Medicine, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine
Tumors of the Head and Neck

Eva M. Vivian, PharmD

Associate Professor of Pharmacy Practice, Western University of Health Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Pomona
Pharmacokinetics

Yasmine Wasfi, MD

Instructor, Department of Medicine, Parker B. Francis Fellow, National Jewish Medical and Research Center
Instructor, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado at Denver Health Sciences Center
Sarcoidosis

Howard D. Weiss, MD

Associate Professor of Neurology, Johns Hopkins-Sinai Hospital of Baltimore
Headache

Eiji Yanagisawa, MD

Clinical Professor of Otolaryngology, Yale University School of Medicine
Facial Trauma

Thomas Michael Zizic, MD

Associate Professor of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Co-Director, Chesapeake Medical Research
Avascular Necrosis

Additional Acknowledgments

Although this online version of The Merck Manual is being continuously updated, some entries contain information and text from previous editions. In some cases, new contributors have replaced those who contributed to those editions. As is our tradition, we publish the names of only the contributors to the current edition. However, we recognize the important contributions of those contributors who made our previous editions a success.

Last full review/revision February 2010