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Pronunciation
(GLYE byoor ide)
Generic Available (U.S.)
Yes
Index Terms
U.S. Brand Names
Canadian Brand Names
Pharmacologic Category
Pharmacologic Category Synonyms
Use: Labeled Indications
Adjunct to diet and exercise for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (noninsulin dependent, NIDDM)
Use: Unlabeled/Investigational
Alternative to insulin in women for the treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) (11-33 weeks gestation)
Pregnancy Risk Factor
B/C (manufacturer dependent)
Pregnancy Considerations
Reproduction studies differ by manufacturer labeling. Because adverse events were not observed in animal reproduction studies, one manufacturer classifies glyburide as pregnancy category B. Because adverse events were noted in animal studies during the period of lactation, another manufacturer classifies glyburide as pregnancy category C.Glyburide was not found to significantly cross the placenta in vitro and was not found in the cord serum infants of mothers taking glyburide for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Nonteratogenic effects such as hypoglycemia in the neonate have been associated with maternal glyburide use. Maternal hyperglycemia can be associated with adverse effects in the fetus, including macrosomia, neonatal hyperglycemia, and hyperbilirubinemia; the risk of congenital malformations is increased when the Hb A1c is above the normal range. Diabetes can also be associated with adverse effects in the mother. Poorly-treated diabetes may cause end-organ damage that may in turn negatively affect obstetric outcomes. Physiologic glucose levels should be maintained prior to and during pregnancy to decrease the risk of adverse events in the mother and the fetus. The manufacturer recommends that if glyburide is used during pregnancy, it should be discontinued at least 2 weeks before the expected delivery date. Although studies have shown positive outcomes using glyburide for the treatment of GDM, use may not be appropriate for all women. Until additional safety and efficacy data are obtained, the use of oral agents is generally not recommended as routine management of type 2 diabetes mellitus during pregnancy. Insulin is considered the drug of choice for the control of diabetes mellitus during pregnancy.
Lactation
Does not enter breast milk/use caution
Breast-Feeding Considerations
Data from initial studies note that glyburide was not detected in breast milk. Breast-feeding is not recommended by the manufacturer. Potentially, hypoglycemia may occur in a nursing infant exposed to a sulfonylurea via breast milk.
Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to glyburide or any component of the formulation; type 1 diabetes mellitus (insulin dependent, IDDM), diabetic ketoacidosis; concomitant use with bosentan
Warnings/Precautions
Concerns related to adverse reactions:
• Cardiovascular mortality: Product labeling states oral hypoglycemic drugs may be associated with an increased cardiovascular mortality as compared to treatment with diet alone or diet plus insulin. Data to support this association are limited, and several studies, including a large prospective trial (UKPDS) have not supported an association.
• Hypoglycemia: All sulfonylurea drugs are capable of producing severe hypoglycemia. Hypoglycemia is more likely to occur when caloric intake is deficient, after severe or prolonged exercise, when ethanol is ingested, or when more than one glucose-lowering drug is used. It is also more likely in elderly patients, malnourished patients and in patients with impaired renal, hepatic, adrenal and/or pituitary function; use with caution.
• Sulfonamide allergy: Chemical similarities are present among sulfonamides, sulfonylureas, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, thiazides, and loop diuretics (except ethacrynic acid). Use in patients with sulfonamide allergy is not specifically contraindicated in product labeling, however, a risk of cross-reaction exists in patients with allergy to any of these compounds; avoid use when previous reaction has been severe.
Disease-related concerns:
• G6PD deficiency: Patients with G6PD deficiency may be at an increased risk of sulfonylurea-induced hemolytic anemia; however, cases have also been described in patients without G6PD deficiency during postmarketing surveillance. Use with caution and consider a nonsulfonylurea alternative in patients with G6PD deficiency.
• Stress-related states: It may be necessary to discontinue therapy and administer insulin if the patient is exposed to stress (fever, trauma, infection, surgery).
Special populations:
• Elderly: Rapid and prolonged hypoglycemia (>12 hours) despite hypertonic glucose injections have been reported; age and hepatic and renal impairment are independent risk factors for hypoglycemia; dosage titration should be made at weekly intervals.
Dosage form specific issues:
• Glyburide tablet formulations: Micronized glyburide tablets are not bioequivalent to conventional glyburide tablets; retitration should occur if patients are being transferred to a different glyburide formulation (eg, micronized-to-conventional or vice versa) or from other hypoglycemic agents.
Adverse Reactions
Frequency not defined.
Cardiovascular: Vasculitis
Central nervous system: Dizziness, headache
Dermatologic: Angioedema, erythema, maculopapular eruptions, morbilliform eruptions, photosensitivity reaction, pruritus, purpura, rash, urticaria
Endocrine & metabolic: Disulfiram-like reaction, hypoglycemia, hyponatremia (SIADH reported with other sulfonylureas)
Gastrointestinal: Anorexia, constipation, diarrhea, epigastric fullness, heartburn, nausea
Genitourinary: Nocturia
Hematologic: Agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia, hemolytic anemia, leukopenia, pancytopenia, porphyria cutanea tarda, thrombocytopenia
Hepatic: Cholestatic jaundice, hepatitis, liver failure, transaminase increased
Neuromuscular & skeletal: Arthralgia, myalgia, paresthesia
Ocular: Blurred vision
Renal: Diuretic effect (minor)
Miscellaneous: Allergic reaction
Metabolism/Transport Effects
Substrate of CYP2C9 (major), 3A4 (minor);Inhibits CYP2C8 (weak), 3A4 (weak)
Drug Interactions
Alcohol (Ethyl): Sulfonylureas may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Alcohol (Ethyl). A flushing reaction may occur. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Beta-Blockers: May enhance the hypoglycemic effect of Sulfonylureas. Cardioselective beta-blockers (eg, acebutolol, atenolol, metoprolol, and penbutolol) may be safer than nonselective beta-blockers. All beta-blockers appear to mask tachycardia as an initial symptom of hypoglycemia. Ophthalmic beta-blockers are probably associated with lower risk than systemic agents. Exceptions: Levobunolol; Metipranolol. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Bosentan: GlyBURIDE may enhance the hepatotoxic effect of Bosentan. Bosentan may increase the metabolism of GlyBURIDE. GlyBURIDE may increase the metabolism of Bosentan. Risk X: Avoid combination
Chloramphenicol: May decrease the metabolism of Sulfonylureas. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Cimetidine: May increase the serum concentration of Sulfonylureas. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Clarithromycin: May increase the serum concentration of GlyBURIDE. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Colesevelam: May decrease the serum concentration of GlyBURIDE. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Corticosteroids (Orally Inhaled): May diminish the hypoglycemic effect of Antidiabetic Agents. In some instances, corticosteroid-mediated HPA axis suppression has led to episodes of acute adrenal crisis, which may manifest as enhanced hypoglycemia, particularly in the setting of insulin or other antidiabetic agent use. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Corticosteroids (Systemic): May diminish the hypoglycemic effect of Antidiabetic Agents. In some instances, corticosteroid-mediated HPA axis suppression has led to episodes of acute adrenal crisis, which may manifest as enhanced hypoglycemia, particularly in the setting of insulin or other antidiabetic agent use. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Cyclic Antidepressants: May enhance the hypoglycemic effect of Sulfonylureas. Risk C: Monitor therapy
CycloSPORINE: May diminish the therapeutic effect of GlyBURIDE. GlyBURIDE may increase the serum concentration of CycloSPORINE. Risk C: Monitor therapy
CycloSPORINE (Systemic): May diminish the therapeutic effect of GlyBURIDE. GlyBURIDE may increase the serum concentration of CycloSPORINE (Systemic). Risk C: Monitor therapy
CYP2C9 Inducers (Highly Effective): May increase the metabolism of CYP2C9 Substrates (High risk). Risk C: Monitor therapy
CYP2C9 Inhibitors (Moderate): May decrease the metabolism of CYP2C9 Substrates (High risk). Risk C: Monitor therapy
CYP2C9 Inhibitors (Strong): May decrease the metabolism of CYP2C9 Substrates (High risk). Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Fibric Acid Derivatives: May enhance the hypoglycemic effect of Sulfonylureas. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Fluconazole: May increase the serum concentration of Sulfonylureas. Risk C: Monitor therapy
GLP-1 Agonists: May enhance the hypoglycemic effect of Sulfonylureas. Management: Consider sulfonylurea dose reductions when used in combination with GLP-1 agonists. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Herbs (Hypoglycemic Properties): May enhance the hypoglycemic effect of Hypoglycemic Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Hypoglycemic Agents: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of other Hypoglycemic Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone Analogs: May diminish the therapeutic effect of Antidiabetic Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Peginterferon Alfa-2b: May decrease the serum concentration of CYP2C9 Substrates (High risk). Risk C: Monitor therapy
Pegvisomant: May enhance the hypoglycemic effect of Antidiabetic Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Quinolone Antibiotics: May enhance the hypoglycemic effect of Sulfonylureas. This appears to be particularly concerning early in the course of combination therapy. Quinolone Antibiotics may diminish the hypoglycemic effect of Sulfonylureas. With longer-term combination, there is a greater risk of hyperglycemia. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Ranitidine: May increase the serum concentration of Sulfonylureas. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Rifampin: May increase the metabolism of Sulfonylureas. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Salicylates: May enhance the hypoglycemic effect of Sulfonylureas. Of concern with regular, higher doses of salicylates, not sporadic, low doses. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Somatropin: May diminish the hypoglycemic effect of Antidiabetic Agents. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Sulfonamide Derivatives: May enhance the hypoglycemic effect of Sulfonylureas. Exceptions: Sulfacetamide. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Thiazide Diuretics: May diminish the therapeutic effect of Antidiabetic Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Voriconazole: May increase the serum concentration of Sulfonylureas. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Ethanol/Nutrition/Herb Interactions
Ethanol: Caution with ethanol (may cause hypoglycemia).
Herb/Nutraceutical: Herbs with hypoglycemic properties may enhance the hypoglycemic effect of glyburide. This includes alfalfa, aloe, bilberry, bitter melon, burdock, celery, damiana, fenugreek, garcinia, garlic, ginger, ginseng (American), gymnema, marshmallow, stinging nettle
Mechanism of Action
Stimulates insulin release from the pancreatic beta cells; reduces glucose output from the liver; insulin sensitivity is increased at peripheral target sites
Pharmacodynamics/Kinetics
Onset of action: Serum insulin levels begin to increase 15-60 minutes after a single dose
Duration: ≤24 hours
Absorption: Significant within 1 hour
Distribution: 9-10 L
Protein binding, plasma: >99% primarily to albumin
Metabolism: Hepatic; forms metabolites (weakly active)
Bioavailability: Variable among oral dosage forms
Half-life elimination: Diabeta®: 10 hours; Glynase® PresTab®: ~4 hours; may be prolonged with renal or hepatic impairment
Time to peak, serum: Adults: 2-4 hours
Excretion: Feces (50%) and urine (50%) as metabolites
Dosage
Oral: Micronized glyburide tablets are not bioequivalent to conventional glyburide tablets; retitration should occur if patients are being transferred to a different glyburide formulation (eg, micronized-to-conventional or vice versa) or from other hypoglycemic agents.
Diaβeta®: Adults:
Initial: 2.5-5 mg/day, administered with breakfast or the first main meal of the day. In patients who are more sensitive to hypoglycemic drugs, start at 1.25 mg/day.
Increase in increments of no more than 2.5 mg/day at weekly intervals based on the patient's blood glucose response
Maintenance: 1.25-20 mg/day given as single or divided doses. Some patients (especially those receiving >10 mg/day) may have a more satisfactory response with twice-daily dosing. Maximum: 20 mg/day
Elderly: Initial: 1.25-2.5 mg/day, increase by 1.25-2.5 mg/day every 1-3 weeks
Micronized tablets (Glynase® PresTab®): Adults:
Initial: 1.5-3 mg/day, administered with breakfast or the first main meal of the day in patients who are more sensitive to hypoglycemic drugs, start at 0.75 mg/day. Increase in increments of no more than 1.5 mg/day in weekly intervals based on the patient's blood glucose response.
Maintenance: 0.75-12 mg/day given as a single dose or in divided doses. Some patients (especially those receiving >6 mg/day) may have a more satisfactory response with twice-daily dosing. Maximum: 12 mg/day
Management of noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in patients previously maintained on insulin: Initial dosage dependent upon previous insulin dosage, see table.
Dose Conversion: Insulin to Glyburide
Previous Daily Insulin Dosage
(units/day)
Initial Glyburide Dosage
Conventional Formulation
(mg/day)
Initial Glyburide Dosage
Micronized Formulation
(mg/day)
Insulin Dosage Change
(after glyburide started)
<20
2.5-5
1.5-3
Discontinue
20-40
5
3
Discontinue
>40
5
(increase in increments of 1.25-2.5 mg every 2-10 days)
3
(increase in increments of 0.75-1.5 mg every 2-10 days)
Reduce insulin dosage by 50% (gradually taper off insulin as glyburide dosage increased)
Table has been converted to the following text.
Dose Conversion: Insulin to Glyburide
Previous insulin dose: <20 units/day
• Initial daily glyburide dose: 2.5-5 mg (conventional formulation) OR1.5-3 mg (micronized formulation)
• Discontinue insulin after glyburide is started.
Previous insulin dose: 20-40 units/day
• Initial daily glyburide dose: 5 mg (conventional formulation) OR 3 mg (micronized formulation).
• Discontinue insulin after glyburide is started.
Previous insulin dose: >40 units/day
• Initial daily glyburide dose: 5 mg (conventional formulation) and increase in increments of 1.25-2.5 mg every 2-10 days OR 3 mg (micronized formulation) and increase in increments of 0.75-1.5 mg every 2-10 days.
• Reduce insulin dosage by 50%; gradually taper off insulin as glyburide dosage is increased.
Dosing adjustment/comments in renal impairment: Clcr <50 mL/minute: Not recommended
Dosing adjustment in hepatic impairment: Use conservative initial and maintenance doses and avoid use in severe disease
Administration: Oral
Administer with meals at the same time each day (twice-daily dosing may be beneficial if conventional glyburide doses are >10 mg or micronized glyburide doses are >6 mg). Patients that are NPO or require decreased caloric intake may need doses held to avoid hypoglycemia.
Monitoring Parameters
Signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia, fasting blood glucose, hemoglobin A1c
Reference Range
Recommendations for glycemic control in adults with diabetes:
Hb A1c: <7%
Preprandial capillary plasma glucose: 70-130 mg/dL
Peak postprandial capillary blood glucose: <180 mg/dL
Blood pressure: <130/80 mm Hg
Dietary Considerations
Should be taken with meals at the same time each day (twice-daily dosing may be beneficial if conventional glyburide doses are >10 mg or micronized glyburide doses are >6 mg). Individualized medical nutrition therapy (MNT) based on ADA recommendations is an integral part of therapy.
Patient Education
This medication is used to control diabetes; it is not a cure. Monitor glucose as recommended by prescriber. Other important components of treatment plan may include prescribed diet and exercise regimen (consult prescriber or diabetic educator). If you experience hypoglycemic reaction, contact prescriber immediately. Always carry quick source of sugar with you. Take 30 minutes before meals at the same time each day. Avoid alcohol while taking this medication; could cause severe reaction. You may experience more sensitivity to sunlight, headache, or nausea. Report hypoglycemia (palpitations, sweaty palms, lightheadedness); extended vomiting, diarrhea, or constipation; flu-like symptoms; skin rash; easy bruising or bleeding; or change in color of urine or stool.
Geriatric Considerations
Rapid and prolonged hypoglycemia (>12 hours) despite hypertonic glucose injections has been reported; age, hepatic, and renal impairment are independent risk factors for hypoglycemia; dosage titration should be made at weekly intervals. How “tightly” a geriatric patient's blood glucose should be controlled is controversial; however, a fasting blood sugar <150 mg/dL is now an acceptable endpoint. Such a decision should be based on the patient's functional and cognitive status, how well they recognize hypoglycemic or hyperglycemic symptoms, and how to respond to them and their other disease states. Use with caution in the elderly with renal insufficiency.
Anesthesia and Critical Care Concerns/Other Considerations
Clinical Pearls/Comments:The possibility of higher doses of sulfonylureas eliciting an increase in cardiovascular events, because of their effects on blocking potassium-sensitive ATP channels, has been raised. Longer-term prospective trials of sulfonylurea therapy, such as the UKPDS and ADVANCE, do not reveal any increased cardiovascular mortality.
Cardiovascular Considerations
The possibility of higher doses of sulfonylureas eliciting an increase in cardiovascular events, because of their effects on blocking potassium sensitive ATP channels, has been raised. However, there are presently only limited data to support this premise, particularly with newer generation agents. An early study suggested poor cardiovascular outcomes in patients with diabetes treated with tolbutamide. Retrospective studies evaluating cardiovascular outcomes following angioplasty and acute myocardial infarction in patients with diabetes receiving newer sulfonylureas are inconsistent. Longer-term prospective trials of sulfonylurea therapy, such as the UKPDS, do not reveal any increased cardiovascular mortality.
Dental Health: Effects on Dental Treatment
Glyburide-dependent patients with diabetes (noninsulin dependent, type 2) should be appointed for dental treatment in morning in order to minimize chance of stress-induced hypoglycemia.
Dental Health: Vasoconstrictor/Local Anesthetic Precautions
No information available to require special precautions
Mental Health: Effects on Mental Status
Dizziness is common
Mental Health: Effects on Psychiatric Treatment
May rarely cause agranulocytosis; use caution with clozapine and carbamazepine; phenothiazines and TCAs may antagonize glimepiride hypoglycemic effects; MAO inhibitors and TCAs may enhance hypoglycemic effects
Nursing: Physical Assessment/Monitoring
Assess allergy history prior to beginning treatment. Monitor for hypoglycemia during therapy.
Dosage Forms
Excipient information presented when available (limited, particularly for generics); consult specific product labeling.
Tablet, oral: 1.25 mg, 2.5 mg, 5 mg
DiaBeta®: 1.25 mg, 2.5 mg, 5 mg [scored]
Tablet, oral [micronized]: 1.5 mg, 3 mg, 5 mg, 6 mg
Glynase® PresTab®: 1.5 mg, 3 mg, 6 mg [scored]
Pricing: U.S. (www.drugstore.com)
Tablets (Diabeta)
1.25 mg (50): $31.91
2.5 mg (30): $33.19
5 mg (30): $42.36
Tablets (GlyBURIDE)
1.25 mg (30): $15.99
5 mg (30): $18.99
Tablets (GlyBURIDE Micronized)
1.5 mg (90): $26.00
3 mg (90): $15.01
6 mg (90): $17.00
Tablets (Glynase)
1.5 mg (60): $50.07
3 mg (60): $73.65
6 mg (60): $114.89
References
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ADVANCE Collaborative Group, Patel A, MacMahon S, Chalmers J, et al, “Intensive Blood Glucose Control and Vascular Outcomes in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes,” N Engl J Med, 2008, 358(24):2560-72.
American Diabetes Association, “Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes Mellitus -- 2011,” Diabetes Care, 2011, 34(Suppl 1):11-61.
“A Study of the Effects of Hypoglycemia Agents on Vascular Complications in Patients With Adult-onset Diabetes. VI. Supplementary Report on Nonfatal Events in Patients Treated With Tolbutamide. The University Group Diabetes Program,” Diabetes, 1976, 25(12):1129-53.
Brodows RG, “Benefits and Risks With Glyburide and Glipizide in Elderly NIDDM Patients,” Diabetes Care, 1992, 15(1):75-80.
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Elliott BD, Schenker S, Langer O, et al, “Comparative Placental Transport of Oral Hypoglycemic Agents in Humans: A Model of Human Placental Drug Transfer,” Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1994, 171(3):653-60.
Feig DS, Briggs GG, Kraemer JM, et al, “Transfer of Glyburide and Glipizide Into Breast Milk,” Diabetes Care, 2005, 28(8):1851-5.
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Garratt KN, Brady PA, Hassinger NL, et al, “Sulfonylurea Drugs Increase Early Mortality in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus After Direct Angioplasty for Acute Myocardial Infarction,” J Am Coll Cardiol, 1999, 33(1):119-24.
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“Intensive Blood-Glucose Control With Sulphonylureas or Insulin Compared With Conventional Treatment and Risk of Complications in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes (UKPDS 33) UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group,” Lancet, 1998, 352(9131):837-53.
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International Brand Names
Lexi-Comp.com
Last full review/revision May 2011
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