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Index
Symptoms
Cardiovascular Disorders
Clinical Pharmacology
Critical Care Medicine
Dental Disorders
Dermatologic Disorders
Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders
Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders
Eye Disorders
Gastrointestinal Disorders
Genitourinary Disorders
Geriatrics
Gynecology and Obstetrics
Hematology and Oncology
Hepatic and Biliary Disorders
Immunology; Allergic Disorders
Infectious Diseases
Injuries; Poisoning
Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders
Neurologic Disorders
Nutritional Disorders
Pediatrics
Psychiatric Disorders
Pulmonary Disorders
Special Subjects
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M
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P
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R
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T
U
V
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X
Y
Z
Abdominal Pain, Acute
Abdominal pain, Chronic
Alopecia
Amenorrhea
Amnesia
Anosmia
Bleeding, Excessive
Breast Lumps
Chest Pain
Constipation in Adults
Constipation in Children
Cough in Adults
Cough in Children
Crying
Diarrhea in Adults
Diarrhea in Children
Diplopia
Dizziness
Dry Mouth
Dysmenorrhea
Dyspepsia
Dysphagia
Dyspnea
Dysuria
Earache
Ear Discharge
Edema
Edema During Late Pregnancy
Epistaxis
Erectile dysfunction
Eyelid Swelling
Eye Pain
Fever
Fever, Acute, in Adults
Fever, Chronic (FUO)
Fever in Infants and Children
Floaters
Gas
Gastrointestinal Bleeding
Halitosis
Headache
Hearing Loss
Hearing Loss: Sudden Deafness
Hematospermia
Hematuria
Hemoptysis
Hiccups
Hirsutism
Insomnia and Excessive Daytime Sleepiness
Itching
Itching, Anal
Jaundice in Adults
Jaundice in Neonates
Joint Pain, Monarticular
Joint Pain, Polyarticular
Knee pain
Lump in Throat
Nasal Congestion and Rhinorrhea
Nausea and Vomiting During Early pPregnancy
Nausea and Vomiting in Adults
Nausea and Vomiting in Infants and Children
Neck and Back Pain
Neck Mass
Nipple Discharge
Orthostatis Hypotension
Pain
Pain, Chronic
Palpitations
Pelvic Pain
Pelvic Pain During Early Pregnancy
Polyuria
Priapism
Red Eye
Scrotal Pain
Sore Throat
Stomatitis
Stridor
Syncope
Tearing
Tinnitus
Toothache
Tremor
Urinary Frequency
Urinary Incontinence in Adults
Urinary Incontinence in Children
Urinary Retention
Urticaria
Vaginal Bleeding
Vaginal Bleeding During Early Pregnancy
Vaginal Bleeding During Late Pregnancy
Vaginal Itching and Discharge
Vision, Blurred
Vision Loss, Acute
Weakness, Generalized
Wheezing
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Health Care Professionals
Cardiovascular Disorders
Clinical Pharmacology
Critical Care Medicine
Dental Disorders
Dermatologic Disorders
Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders
Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders
Eye Disorders
Gastrointestinal Disorders
Genitourinary Disorders
Geriatrics
Gynecology and Obstetrics
Hematology and Oncology
Hepatic and Biliary Disorders
Immunology; Allergic Disorders
Infectious Diseases
Injuries; Poisoning
Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders
Neurologic Disorders
Nutritional Disorders
Pediatrics
Psychiatric Disorders
Pulmonary Disorders
Special Subjects
Merck Manual
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Health Care Professionals
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Pulmonary Disorders
Pulmonary Disorders
Approach to the Pulmonary Patient
Evaluation of the Pulmonary Patient
History
Physical Examination
Inspection
Auscultation
Percussion and palpation
Symptoms of Pulmonary Disorders
Cough
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
Treatment
Key Points
Dyspnea
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
Treatment
Key Points
Hemoptysis
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Massive hemoptysis
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
Cryptogenic hemoptysis
Treatment
Massive hemoptysis
Minor hemoptysis
Key Points
Hyperventilation Syndrome
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Solitary Pulmonary Nodule
Etiology
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Testing
Treatment
Stridor
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Children
Adults
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
Treatment
Key Points
Vocal Cord Dysfunction
Wheezing
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
Treatment
Key Points
Tests of Pulmonary Function (PFT)
Overview of Tests of Pulmonary Function
Airflow, Lung Volumes, and Flow-Volume Loop
Airflow
Lung volume
Flow-volume loop
Patterns of Abnormalities
Obstructive disorders
Restrictive disorders
Measurement of Gas Exchange
Diffusing Capacity for Carbon Monoxide
Conditions that decrease DLco
Conditions that increase DLco
Pulse Oximetry
Arterial Blood Gas Sampling
Oxygenation
Hypoxemia with increased (A-a)Do
2
Hypoxemia with normal (A-a)Do
2
Carbon Dioxide
Hypercapnia
Hypocapnia
Carboxyhemoglobinemia
Methemoglobinemia
Tests of Respiratory Muscle Function
Exercise Testing
Six-minute walk test
Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET)
Diagnostic Pulmonary Procedures
Chest imaging
X-Ray Techniques
Chest x-ray
Computed tomography
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Ultrasonography
Nuclear Scanning
V/Q scanning
PET
Electrocardiography (ECG) in Pulmonary Disorders
Bronchoscopy
Contraindications
Procedure
Complications
Mediastinoscopy and Mediastinotomy
Contraindications
Complications
Pleural Biopsy
Thoracentesis
Contraindications
Procedure
Complications
Thoracoscopy and Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery
Contraindications
Procedure
Complications
Thoracotomy
Contraindications
Procedure
Complications
Transthoracic Needle Biopsy
Contraindications
Procedure
Complications
Tube Thoracostomy
Procedure
Complications
Pulmonary Rehabilitation
Chest Physiotherapy
Contraindications
Procedure
Complications
Pulmonary Rehabilitation
Contraindications
Procedure
Asthma and Related Disorders
Asthma
Epidemiology
Etiology
Reactive airways dysfunction syndrome (RADS)
Pathophysiology
Triggers
Response
Classification
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Pulmonary function tests
Other tests
Evaluation of exacerbations
Prognosis
Treatment
Control of triggering factors
Drug therapy
Monitoring response to treatment
Patient education
Treatment of acute exacerbation
Treatment of chronic asthma
Exercise-induced asthma
Aspirin-sensitive asthma
Future therapies
Special Populations
Infants, children, and adolescents
Pregnant women
Elderly patients
Key Points
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis (ABPA)
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Related Disorders
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Epidemiology
Etiology
Inhalational exposure
Genetic factors
Pathophysiology
Inflammation
Infection
Airflow limitation
Complications
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Pulmonary function tests
Imaging tests
Adjunctive tests
Evaluation of exacerbations
Prognosis
Treatment of Stable COPD
Drug therapy
O
2
therapy
Smoking cessation
Vaccinations
Nutrition
Pulmonary rehabilitation
Surgery
Treatment of Acute COPD Exacerbation
O
2
Ventilatory assistance
Drug therapy
End-of-life care
α
1
-Antitrypsin Deficiency
Pathophysiology
Liver
Lungs
Other tissues
Classification
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Pulmonary Embolism
Pulmonary Embolism
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Clinical probability
Noninvasive testing
Invasive tests
Prognosis
Treatment
Clot elimination
Anticoagulation
Prevention
Drugs
Devices
Choice of prevention
Acute Bronchitis
Acute Bronchitis
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Pneumonia
Overview of Pneumonia
Community-Acquired Pneumonia
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Pathogens
Prognosis
Treatment
Prevention
Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia
Etiology
Risk factors
Pathogens
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Prevention
Nursing Home–Acquired Pneumonia
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Pneumonia in Immunocompromised Patients
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Pneumocystis jirovecii
Pneumonia
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Prevention
Aspiration Pneumonitis and Pneumonia
Pathophysiology
Chemical pneumonitis
Aspiration pneumonia
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Abscess
Pneumonia
Lung Abscess
Lung Abscess
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Cultures
Treatment
Bronchiectasis
Bronchiectasis
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Imaging
Pulmonary function tests
Diagnosis of cause
Prognosis
Treatment
Acute exacerbations
Complications
Interstitial Lung Diseases
Overview of Interstitial Lung Disease
Overview of Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Etiology
Pathology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Key Points
Desquamative Interstitial Pneumonia
Diagnosis
Treatment
Nonspecific Interstitial Pneumonia
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia
Diagnosis
Treatment
Respiratory Bronchiolitis–Associated Interstitial Lung Disease
Diagnosis
Treatment
Lymphoid Interstitial Pneumonia
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Key Points
Acute Interstitial Pneumonia
Drug-Induced Pulmonary Disease
Overview of Eosinophilic Pulmonary Diseases
Chronic Eosinophilic Pneumonia
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Acute Eosinophilic Pneumonia
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Löffler Syndrome
Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Imaging tests
Pulmonary function tests
Bronchoalveolar lavage
Lung biopsy
Other tests
Prognosis
Treatment
Prevention
Key Points
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Key Points
Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Key Points
Pulmonary Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Sarcoidosis
Sarcoidosis
Löfgren's syndrome
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Sites for biopsy
Exclusion of other diagnoses
Disease severity assessment
Prognosis
Treatment
Environmental Pulmonary Diseases
Overview of Environmental Pulmonary Disease
Air Pollution–Related Illness
Asbestos-Related Disorders
Asbestosis
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Prevention
Mesothelioma
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Other Asbestos-Related Pleural Disease
Beryllium Disease
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Prevention
Building-Related Illnesses
Specific BRIs
Nonspecific BRIs
Byssinosis
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Coal Workers' Pneumoconiosis
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Complications
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Occupational Asthma
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Silicosis
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Complications
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Imaging
Adjunctive tests
Treatment
Prevention
Irritant Gas Inhalation Injury
Acute Exposure
Complications
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Prevention
Chronic Exposure
Pulmonary Hypertension
Pulmonary Hypertension
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Pulmonary arterial hypertension, group 1
Pulmonary hypertension, groups 2 to 5
Portopulmonary Hypertension
Hepatopulmonary Syndrome
Diagnosis
Treatment
Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage and Pulmonary-Renal Syndrome
Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Evaluation of the cause
Prognosis
Treatment
Key Points
Pulmonary-Renal Syndrome
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Goodpasture Syndrome
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Key Points
Mediastinal and Pleural Disorders
Mediastinal Masses
Etiology
Adults
Children
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Mediastinitis
Esophageal perforation
Median sternotomy
Chronic fibrosing mediastinitis
Pleural Effusion
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Presence of effusion
Cause of effusion
Treatment
Parapneumonic effusion and empyema
Malignant pleural effusion
Key Points
Pleural Fibrosis and Calcification
Postinflammatory
Asbestos-related
Pneumomediastinum
Pneumothorax
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Complications
Prevention
Key Points
Viral Pleuritis
Sleep Apnea
Introduction
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Control of risk factors
CPAP
Oral appliances
Airway surgery
Adjunctive treatments
Patient education and support
Key Points
Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Central Sleep Apnea
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Tumors of the Lungs
Overview of Lung Tumors
Lung Carcinoma
Epidemiology
Etiology
Classification
Symptoms and Signs
Local tumor
Regional spread
Metastases
Paraneoplastic syndromes
Diagnosis
Imaging
Cytology
Procedures
Screening
Staging
Tests for initial evaluation and staging
Prognosis
Treatment
SCLC
NSCLC
Recurrent disease
Complications
End-of-life care
Prevention
Key Points
Airway Tumors
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Key Points
Bronchial Carcinoid
Chest Wall Tumors
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
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