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Hedgehogs are in the family Erinaceidae, within the order Insectivora. The central African hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris), also known as the white-bellied, 4-toed, or African pygmy hedgehog, is native to dry, open habitats in central and eastern Africa. They are nocturnal and very active, jogging for miles in search of invertebrate prey. In the USA, hedgehogs are illegal in some states and municipalities; in other states, a permit is required. Additionally, a USDA permit is required to breed, transport, sell, or exhibit hedgehogs.
Anatomy, Physiology, and Behavior
The dorsum is covered in a dense coat of keratin spines; each spine has a basal bulb that firmly attaches it within the follicle, and a narrowed portion at the skin surface. Healthy spines are difficult to pull from the follicle without breakage. The spined skin has a thin and hairless epidermis, and a thick, fibrous dermis with much fat and few blood vessels. A wary hedgehog will raise the spines and crouch. If a hedgehog is frightened, contraction of the panniculus muscle pulls the loose spiny skin over the entire body. The panniculus is thickened at the rim to form the orbicularis, a purse-string–like muscle that closes the spined skin over the animal. Selected physiologic data for African pygmy hedgehogs can be found in see African Hedgehogs: Physiologic Data for African Pygmy Hedgehogs .
Hedgehogs have brachydont teeth. The first incisor in each quadrant is large and projects forward, and there is a gap between the maxillary first incisors. The stomach is simple, and a vomiting reflex is present. The male has a conspicuous prepuce that opens mid-abdomen. There is no scrotal sac; the testes are located in a para-anal recess surrounded by fat and can be palpated in reproductively active males. The female urogenital opening is a few millimeters cranial to the anus. The uterus is bicornuate with a single cervix and no uterine body. African hedgehogs are polyestrous and breed throughout the year in captivity. Ovulation is believed to be induced, and sterile matings with pseudo-pregnancy may occur. Hedgehogs are born hairless, with closed eyes and ears; at birth the spines are covered by a membrane that is removed within the first few hours of life.
Hedgehogs are adept at climbing, digging, swimming, and jogging. While they have sensitive olfaction and hearing, their sense of vision is not as well developed. Foraging hedgehogs normally emit a variety of snuffling sounds; agitated hedgehogs make a loud hissing sound that may be punctuated with various puffing and cough-like sounds. With intense distress, a scream may be emitted. With patience, most hedgehogs learn to accept handling.
Hedgehogs demonstrate a unique behavior called self-anointing, or anting. This behavior may be elicited by a variety of substances, particularly those with a strong odor. The hedgehog takes the material into the mouth, mixes it with frothy saliva, and applies the mixture to its spines with the tongue. The purpose of this behavior is unknown.
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Table 1
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Physiologic Data for African Pygmy Hedgehogs |
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Average body weight
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Male 400–600 g, Female 300–600g
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Lifespan
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Average 4–6 yr, may live to 8 yr
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Body temperature
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95.7–98.6°F (35.4–36.0°C)
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Adult dental formula
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2 (I3/2:C1/1:P3/2:M3/3) = 36; variations have been noted
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GI transit time
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12–16 hr
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Heart rate
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180–280 bpm
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Respiratory rate
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25–50 bpm
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Age at sexual maturity
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2–3 mo
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Reproductive lifespan
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Male: throughout life; Female: 2–3 yr
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Gestation
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34–37 days
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Litter size
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3–4 (range 1–9)
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Birth weight
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10–18 g
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Eyes open
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14–18 days
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Deciduous teeth eruption
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Begins on day 18; all deciduous teeth erupted by 9 wk
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Permanent teeth eruption
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Begins at 7–9 wk
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Age at weaning
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5–6 wk (start eating solids at 3 wk)
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Last full review/revision July 2011 by James W. Carpenter, MS, DVM, DACZM; Evelyn S. Ivey, DVM, DABVP
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