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The nonhuman primate species most widely used in research are the macaques, Macaca mulatta (rhesus monkey), M fascicularis (cynomolgus monkey), and M nemestrina (pig-tailed monkey); some African species, primarily Chlorocebus aethiops (African green monkey, vervet) and Papio spp (baboons); and some of South American origin, Saimiri sciureus (squirrel monkey), and Aotus trivirgatus (owl monkey). Saguinus spp (marmosets) and Callithrix spp (tamarins, marmosets), also of South American origin, have had more limited use.
Increased restrictions on exportation or reduced availability of nonhuman primates from countries of origin have led to decreased importation and increased domestic production. Importation of nonhuman primates into the USA is prohibited except for scientific, educational, and exhibition purposes.
Nonhuman primates are natural hosts for a variety of infectious agents, many of which are zoonoses, and are also susceptible to many human infectious diseases, such as measles and tuberculosis. Consequently, newly acquired nonhuman primates should be quarantined for 1–3 mo before research use or introduction into established colonies, to permit adequate evaluation of their health status and allow adaptation to the laboratory environment. The basic principle of quarantine is to completely isolate each group of animals and not mix animals from different shipments or sources without restarting the quarantine period. Primates imported into the USA must undergo a 31-day minimum primary import quarantine in a facility registered with the CDC. Imported animals that die or become severely ill and require euthanasia during this quarantine period must be necropsied and the deaths reported to the CDC, Division of Quarantine.
For nonhuman primate therapeutics, see Nonhuman Primates: Nonhuman Primate Therapeutics a .
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Table 1
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Nonhuman Primate Therapeutics a
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Antibiotics
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Amoxicillin
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11 mg/kg, IM or SC, sid 11 mg/kg, PO, bid
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Azithromycin
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40 mg/kg, PO, sid
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Cefazolin
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25 mg/kg, IM or IV, bid
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Ceftriaxone
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25 mg/kg, IM or IV, sid
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Doxycycline
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2.5 mg/kg, PO, sid
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Enrofloxacin
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5 mg/kg, IM, sid
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Erythromycin
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30–50 mg/kg, IM, bid
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Gentamicin
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3–5 mg/kg, IM or SC, sid
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Penicillin G potassium + penicillin G benzathine
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20,000–60,000 U/kg, IM, sid or bid
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Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole syrup
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Trimethoprim at 4 mg/kg, PO, bid; sulf amethoxazole at 20 mg/kg, PO, bid
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Parasiticides
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Fenbendazole
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50 mg/kg, PO, daily for 3 days, repeated in 2 wk
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Ivermectin
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200 μg/kg, IM or SC
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Mebendazole
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22 mg/kg, PO, daily for 3 days, repeated in 2 wk
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Metronidazole
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30–50 mg/kg, PO, daily for 5 days
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Praziquantel
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5 mg/kg, IM
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Thiabendazole
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100 mg/kg, PO, once, repeated in 3 wk
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Anesthetics and Analgesics
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Ketamine hydrochloride
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10 mg/kg, IM, for restraint only; with diazepam or midazolam at 0.5 mg/kg, IM, for additional muscle relaxation
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Ketoprofen
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2 mg/kg, IV or IM, sid
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Inhalant gas (isoflurane, halothane)
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1–2%; maintenance of surgical plane of anesthesia
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Banamine (analgesic)
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1 mg/kg, IV or IM, bid
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Buprenorphine
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0.01–0.05 mg/kg, IM, SC, bid-tid
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Butorphanol tartrate
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0.1–0.15 mg/kg, SC, qid
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Medetomidine
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10–35 μg/kg, IM
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Midazolam
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0.05–0.1 mg/kg IV (slow) or IM
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Oxymorphone
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0.15 mg/kg, IV, IM, or SC, every 4–6 hr
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Propofol
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1 mg/kg, IV, induction, 0.3–0.5 mg/kg/min constant rate infusion
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Tiletamine-zolazepam
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3–5 mg/kg, IM, for restraint only
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a All are extra-label uses.
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Last full review/revision July 2011 by Nicholas W. Lerche, DVM, MPVM
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