Management and Nutrition: Merck Veterinary Manual

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Management and Nutrition

	Overview of Management and Nutrition

Biosecurity

	Overview of Biosecurity
	Current Biosecurity Practices
	Principles of Biosecurity
	Preventing Introduction of Infectious Diseases
	Farm Personnel
	Transport Vehicles
	Control of Pests and Wildlife
	Carcass Disposal
	Feed and Water
	Cleaning and Disinfection Practices

Cloning of Domestic Animals

Overview of Cloning of Domestic Animals
Technical Aspects of Cloning
	Health and Phenotype of the Cloned Animal
		Epigenetic Effects
		Mitochondrial DNA
		Environment
		Mutations
		Individual Variation
Status of Cloning Domestic Animals
Rationale for Cloning
Controversies About Cloning

Complementary and Alternative Veterinary Medicine Management of the Neonate

Management of the Neonate in Large Animals
	Parturition
	Immediate Postpartum Care
		Hypothermia
		Neonatal Hypoglycemia
		Septicemia
		Neonatal Diarrhea
		Peripartum Asphyxia
		Prematurity and Dysmaturity
Management of the Neonate in Small Animals
	Immediate Neonatal Period
		Neonatal Supportive Measures
	Birth Weight
		Weight Monitoring
	Specific Physiologic Issues
		Hypoxia and Acid-Base Balance
		Temperature
		Hydration
		Hypoglycemia
	Ambient Conditions and Feeding Support
	Maturation
	Weaning
Care of Orphaned Native Birds and Mammals
	Birds
		Altricial Species
			Songbirds and Woodpeckers
			Hummingbirds
			Doves and Pigeons
			Raptors
			Herons and Egrets
		Precocial Species
			Shorebirds (Killdeer, Sandpipers, Avocets)
			Waterfowl (Geese, Ducks, Swans)
			Gamebirds (Pheasants, Quail, Turkeys)
	Mammals
		Fawns
		Squirrels
		Rabbits and Hares
		Opossums

Pain Assessment and Management

	Overview of Pain Assessment and Management
	Pain Perception
	Recognition and Assessment of Pain in Animals
	Pain Alleviation
	Analgesic Pharmacology
			Opioids
			Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs and Corticosteroids
			α₂-Agonists
			Ketamine
			Other Analgesic Agents
	Local and Regional Analgesic Techniques
	Chronic Pain
			Osteoarthritis Pain
			Cancer Pain

Stray Voltage in Animal Housing

	Overview of Stray Voltage in Animal Housing
			Clinical Findings
			Diagnosis
			Prevention and Control

Ventilation

Overview of Ventilation
Air Quality
The Dilution Effect of Ventilation
Cold Weather Ventilation
	Barn Categories and Winter Temperatures
	Consequences of Mismanaged Ventilation in Winter
		Reduced Dilution of Ambient Air
		Building Components Affected by Poor Ventilation
Warm Weather Ventilation

Aquaculture Systems

	Overview of Aquaculture Systems
	Production Phases in Aquaculture Systems
	Husbandry and Management in Aquaculture Systems
	Health Management in Aquaculture Systems

Health-Management Interaction: Cattle

Beef Cattle Breeding Herds
	Reproduction
		Pregnancy Testing
		Breeding Soundness Evaluation
	Cull Cow Selection and Management
	Nutritional Management
		Body Condition Score
	Health and Production Management Program
	Vaccinations
	Calf Management
		Castration and Dehorning
		Identification
		Vaccinations
		Implant Strategies
		Parasite Control
		Nutrition
		Weaning
	Replacement Heifers
		Heifer Selection
		Vaccination
		Management
	General Health Management Considerations
Beef Feedlots
	Economic Impact of Disease
	Implementing a Feedlot Medicine Program
		Regular Inspection
		Disease Surveillance
		Treatment Protocols
	Feedlot Records
		Individual Treatment Record
		Daily Morbidity and Mortality Record
		Morbidity and Treatment Analysis Record
		Mortality Analysis
		Feedlot Performance Summary
	Vaccination Protocols
	Nutritional Advice
	Disease Epidemics
Control and Prevention of Disease in Feedlot Cattle
	Feedlot Facilities
	Transportation of Cattle
	Cattle Purchase and Introduction to a Feedlot
	Preimmunization and Preconditioning
	Processing Procedures
		Identification
		Measurement of Body Temperature
		Vaccination
		Castration and Dehorning
		Anthelmintics and Insecticides
		Growth-promoting Agents
Beef Quality Assurance and Beef Safety Programs
		Record Keeping
			Individual Records
			Group Records
			Treatment Protocol Book
	Culling of Feedlot Cattle
	Animal Welfare in Feedlots
Development of Antimicrobial-resistant Bacteria in Feedlot Cattle
Dairy Herds
The Modern Dairy Industry
Animal and Herd Productivity in Dairy Cattle
	Nutritional Management
	Reproductive Management
	Replacement Management
	Herd Size, Composition, and Culling
	Environmental Conditions
	Drying Off and Dry Cow Management
Interactions Between Health and Production in Dairy Cattle
	Influence of Disease on Productivity
The Health Management Program in Dairy Cattle
	Scheduled Farm Visits
		Individual Health Care and Emergency Services
		Scheduled, Traditional, and Technical Activities
		Scheduled Analytic and Training Activities
	Performance Targets
	Record Keeping
	Quality Control Programs
	Investigations of Health and Production Problems

Health-Management Interaction: Goats

	Overview of Health-Management Interaction: Goats
	Perinatal Management of Goats
	Nutrition of Goats
	Common Diseases of Goats

Health-Management Interaction: Horses Health-Management Interaction: Pigs

	Overview of Health-Management Interaction: Pigs

Health-Management Interaction: Sheep

	Overview of Health-Management Interaction: Sheep
	Extensive Grazing Systems for Sheep
	Summer Grazing with Winter Confinement and Feeding of Sheep
	Shepherding
	Organic Sheep Production
	Management Practices and Predisposition to Disease in Sheep

Health-Management Interaction: Small Animals

	Overview of Health-Management Interaction: Small Animals

Management of Reproduction: Cattle

Overview of Management of Reproduction: Cattle
Nutrition in Cattle Reproduction
Breeding Program for Heifer Replacements and Cows
		Irregularities of Estrus and Anestrus
Bull Reproductive Management
Breeding in Cattle Reproduction
	Artificial Insemination (AI)
		Collection and Handling of the Semen Sample
		Insemination Technique
Pregnancy Determination in Cattle
Embryonic Death, Abortion, and Abnormal Fetal Development in Cattle
		Etiology
		Diagnosis
		Prevention and Control
Calving Management
		Nutrition
		Calving Facilities
		Calving
		Management After Calving
		Passive Transfer
Dystocia Management
		Replacement Heifer Development
		Sire Selection
		Early Intervention
Cow–Calf Pair Management

Management of Reproduction: Goats

	Puberty and Estrus in Goats
	Breeding Soundness Examination in Goats
	Artificial Insemination in Goats
	Induction of Estrus in Goats
	Pregnancy Testing in Goats
	Parturition in Goats

Management of Reproduction: Horses

	Reproductive Cycle in Horses
			Artificial Manipulation of Photoperiod
			Manipulation of Ovarian Activity
			Estrus Detection
	Breeding Soundness Examination of the Mare
			Signalment and History
			Restraint
			Physical Examination
			Endometrial Swab
			Endometrial Biopsy
			Vaginal Examination
	Pregnancy Determination in Horses
			Palpation Per Rectum
			Ultrasonography
			Endocrine Tests
	Parasite Control During Pregnancy in Horses
	Vaccinations in Horse Reproduction
	Abortion in Horses
	Parturition in Horses
			Stages of Parturition
			Premature Separation of the Placenta
	Dystocia in Horses
			Controlled Vaginal Delivery
			Cesarean Section
			Fetotomy
	Examination of the Placenta in Horses
			Retained Fetal Membranes
	The Early Postpartum Period in Horses
	Breeding Soundness Examination of the Stallion
	Breeding in Horse Reproduction
			Natural Service
			Artificial Insemination

Management of Reproduction: Pigs Management of Reproduction: Sheep Management of Reproduction: Small Animals

Breeding Soundness Examination of Small Animals
		Female
		Male
			Semen Evaluation
Breeding Management of Small Animals
	Dogs
		Estrogen
		Luteinizing Hormone
		Progesterone
		Use of Hormonal Evaluation to Time Breeding
		Artificial Insemination
	Cats
Manipulation of the Estrous Cycle in Small Animals
Pregnancy Determination in Small Animals
Prevention or Termination of Pregnancy in Small Animals
Whelping and Queening
Labor and Delivery in Small Animals
		Normal Labor
		Dystocia
Postpartum Care in Small Animals
Periparturient Problems in Small Animals
Infertility in Small Animals

Breeding Soundness Examination of the Male

	Overview of Breeding Soundness Examination of the Male
	Breeding Soundness Examination of the Male in Cattle
	Breeding Soundness Examination of the Male in Sheep
	Breeding Soundness Examination of the Male in Goats
	Breeding Soundness Examination of the Male in Horses
	Breeding Soundness Examination of the Male in Pigs
	Breeding Soundness Examination of the Male in Dogs

Embryo Transfer in Farm Animals

	Overview of Embryo Transfer in Farm Animals
	Embryo Transfer in Cattle
	Embryo Transfer in Sheep and Goats
	Embryo Transfer in Pigs
	Embryo Transfer in Horses
			Preparation for Short Storage and Transport

Hormonal Control of Estrus

	Overview of Hormonal Control of Estrus
	Hormonal Control of Estrus in Horses
	Hormonal Control of Estrus in Cattle
	Hormonal Control of Estrus in Goats and Sheep
	Hormonal Control of Estrus in Pigs
	Hormonal Control of Estrus in Dogs
	Hormonal Control of Estrus in Cats

Nutrition: Cattle

Nutritional Requirements of Beef Cattle
		Water
		Energy
		Protein
		Minerals
		Vitamins
Feeding and Nutritional Management of Beef Cattle
		The Breeding Herd
		Stocker Cattle
		Finishing Cattle
Performance Modifiers in Beef Cattle
Nutritional Requirements of Dairy Cattle
	Feed Intake
	Carbohydrates
	Energy
	Fats
	Protein
	Water
	Minerals
		Calcium and Phosphorus
		Other Macrominerals
		Trace Minerals
	Vitamins
		Vitamin A
		Vitamin D
		Vitamin E
		Other Vitamins
Feeding and Nutritional Management of Dairy Cattle
		Totally Mixed Rations
		Unmixed or Component-fed Rations
		Pasture-based Feeding Systems
Feeding Young Dairy Calves
		Traditional System of Replacement Dairy Calf Feeding
		Feeding Calves in Cold Weather
		Feeding Calves with Enteric Disease
Feeding Dairy Calves from Weaning Through Maturation
Accelerated Dairy Calf-rearing Programs
Feed Additives in Dairy Cattle
Nutrition and Disease in Dairy Cattle

Nutrition: Exotic and Zoo Animals

Overview of Nutrition: Exotic and Zoo Animals
	Nutritional Supplements
	Water
Nutrition in Birds
Nutrition in Psittacines
	Protein
	Fat
	Vitamins
		Vitamin A and Carotenoids
		Vitamin D
		Vitamin E
Nutrition in Passerines
Nutrition in Columbiformes
Nutrition in Raptors
Nutrition in Piscivorous Birds
	Thiamine
	Vitamin E
Nutrition in Waterfowl
Nutrition in Gallinaceous Birds
Nutrition in Ratites
Nutrition in Mynahs
Nutrition in Toucans
Managing Nutrition of Avian Zoological Collections
Handrearing Zoo Mammals
Nutrition in Bats
Nutrition in Zoo Carnivores
Nutrition in Insectivores, Edentates, and Aardvarks
Nutrition in Marine Mammals
Nutrition in Marsupials
Nutrition in Primates
Nutrition in Rodents and Lagomorphs
Nutrition in Subungulates and Ungulates
Nutrition in Reptiles
	Ulcerative Stomatitis
	Gout
	Vitamin D and Ultraviolet Light
Nutrition in Crocodilians
Nutrition in Snakes
Nutrition in Turtles
Nutrition in Tortoises
Nutrition in Lizards
Nutrition in Fish

Nutrition: Goats

	Overview of Nutrition: Goats
	Nutritional Requirements of Goats
			Water
			Energy
			Protein
			Minerals
			Vitamins
	Herbage and Browse Utilization in Goats
	Nutritional Diseases of Goats
			Enterotoxemia
			Polioencephalomalacia
			Pregnancy Toxemia
			Urinary Calculi
			White Muscle Disease

Nutrition: Horses

Overview of Nutrition: Horses
Nutritional Requirements of Horses
		Water
		Energy
			Maintenance
			Growth
			Pregnancy and Lactation
			Work
		Protein and Amino Acids
		Minerals
			Calcium and Phosphorus
			Salt
			Magnesium
			Potassium
			Iodine
			Copper
			Iron
			Zinc
			Selenium
			Other Minerals
		Vitamins
			Vitamin A
			Vitamin D
			Vitamin E
			Vitamin K
			Ascorbic Acid
			Thiamine
			Riboflavin
			Vitamin B₁₂
			Niacin
			Other Vitamins
Feeding Practices in Horses
	Feeds
		Pasture
		Hay
		Concentrates and Other Supplements
		Other Supplements
	Feeding Rates
Nutritional Diseases of Horses
		Energy Deficiency
		Energy Excess
		Protein Deficiency
		Mineral Deficiencies and Excesses
			Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism (Bighead, Bran disease)
			Phosphorus Deficiency
			Salt Deficiency
			Potassium
			Magnesium
			Iron
			Zinc
			Copper
			Selenium
		Vitamins
Feeding the Sick Horse
		Nutrition for Specific Diseases
Feeding the Aged Horse and the Orphan Foal

Nutrition: Pigs

Nutritional Requirements of Pigs
		Water
		Energy
		Protein and Amino Acids
		Minerals
			Calcium and Phosphorus
			Sodium and Chloride
			Potassium, Magnesium, and Sulfur
			Iron and Copper
			Iodine
			Manganese
			Zinc
			Selenium
			Chromium
			Cobalt
		Vitamins
			Vitamin A
			Vitamin D
			Vitamin E
			Vitamin K
			Riboflavin
			Niacin (Nicotinic acid)
			Pantothenic Acid
			Vitamin B₁₂
			Thiamine
			Vitamin B₆
			Choline
			Biotin
			Folacin
			Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)
		Fatty Acids
Feeding Levels and Practices in Pigs
		Growing—Finishing Pigs
		Gestating Gilts and Sows
		Lactating Sows
	Major Feed Ingredients
	Feeding Management of Sows and Litters
	Feeding Management of Weanling Pigs
	Growth Stimulants
Nutritional Diseases of Pigs
		Protein Deficiency
		Fat Deficiency
		Mineral Deficiency
		Vitamin Deficiency

Nutrition: Sheep Nutrition: Small Animals

Overview of Nutrition: Small Animals
Nutritional Requirements and Related Diseases of Small Animals
		Energy
			Caloric Requirements
	Nutrient Classifications
		Water
		Protein
		Fats
		Carbohydrates and Crude Fiber
			Fiber
		Vitamins
			Vitamin A
			Vitamin D
			Vitamin E
			Thiamine
		Minerals
			Macrominerals
			Trace Minerals
Dog and Cat Foods
	Pet Food Labels
		Guaranteed Analysis
		Ingredient List
		Statement of Nutritional Adequacy
		Feeding Guidelines
	Pet Food Product Types
		Dry Food
		Canned Food
		Soft-moist Food
		Home-cooked Diets
Feeding Practices in Small Animals
		Maintenance
		Growth and Reproduction in Dogs
			Growth
			Gestation
			Lactation
		Growth and Reproduction in Cats
		Geriatric
		Work or Stress
Nutrition in Disease Management in Small Animals
		Adverse Reaction to Foods
		Anemia
		Anorexia
		Cachexia
		Diarrhea
		Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
		Constipation
		Diabetes Mellitus
		Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease (FLUTD)
		Fever
		Gastric Dilatation (Bloat)
		Head Trauma, Burns, and Respiratory Diseases
		Hepatic Disease
		Hyperlipidemia in Dogs
		Malabsorption and Maldigestion in Dogs
		Obesity
		Pancreatitis in Dogs
		Parvovirus Enteritis in Dogs
		Chronic Kidney Disease
		Urolithiasis in Dogs
		Steatitis in Cats

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