Pharmacology: Merck Veterinary Manual

Resources

Pharmacology

Overview of Pharmacology
Extra-Label Drug Use, Compounded Drugs, and Generic Drugs
Disposition and Fate of Drugs
	Drug Absorption
		Passage of Drugs Across Cellular Membranes
		Drug Absorption from the GI Tract
		Bioavailability
		Drug Absorption from Topical Administration
		Drug Absorption from Tracheobronchial Surfaces and Alveoli
		Drug Absorption from Parenteral Delivery Sites
	Drug Distribution
	Drug Biotransformation
	Drug and Metabolite Excretion
Pharmacokinetics
	Drug Concentration in Blood
		Single-dose Concentration Curves After Extravascular Administration
		Single-dose Concentration Curves After Intravascular Administration
	Apparent Volume of Distribution
	Drug Clearance (Elimination)
		Steady State Plasma Concentration (Repeated Administration or Constant IV Infusion)
Drug Action and Pharmacodynamics
	Drug Concentration and Effect
	Agonists and Antagonists
	Structure–Activity Relationships
	Signal Transduction and Drug Action
	Drug Dose and Clinical Response
Dosage Forms and Delivery Systems
	Oral Dosage Forms and Delivery Systems
	Oral Modified-Release Delivery Systems
	Parenteral Dosage Forms and Delivery Systems
		Special Dosage Form Considerations with Recombinant Proteins and Peptides
		Special Dosage Form Considerations with Live Vaccines, Inactivated and Subunit Vaccines, and DNA Vaccines
	Topical Dosage Forms and Delivery Systems
		Specialized Topical Dosage Forms, Delivery Systems, and Application Methods for Parasite Control
	Inhaled Dosage Forms and Delivery Systems
	Nanotechnology In Dosage Forms and Delivery Systems
Chemical Residues in Food and Fiber
	Chemical Residues in Foodstuffs of Animal Origin
		Residues Resulting from Veterinary Drugs, Medicated Feeds, or Application of Pesticides
		Residues Resulting from Consumption of Stockfeeds Treated with Agricultural Chemicals
	Chemical Residues in Animal Fibers

Systemic Pharmacotherapeutics of the Cardiovascular System Systemic Pharmacotherapeutics of the Digestive System

	Overview of Systemic Pharmacotherapeutics of the Digestive System
	Drugs Affecting Appetite (Monogastric)
	Drugs to Control or Stimulate Vomiting (Monogastric)
			Emetic Drugs
			Antiemetic Drugs
	Therapy of Gastrointestinal Ulcers (Monogastric)
			Antacids
			Acid Secretion Antagonists
	Drugs Used in Treatment of Diarrhea (Monogastric)
			Mucosal Protectants and Adsorbents
			Motility-modifying Drugs
			Antimicrobial Therapy
			Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAID)
			Antitoxins
	Drugs Used in Treatment of Chronic Colitis (Monogastric)
	Gastrointestinal Prokinetic Drugs (Monogastric)
	Cathartic and Laxative Drugs (Monogastric)
			Stimulant Cathartics
			Hyperosmotic Cathartics
			Hydrophilic Colloids (“Bulk Laxatives”)
			Lubricant Laxatives
			Fecal Softeners (Surfactants)
	Drugs Affecting Digestive Functions (Monogastric)
	The Ruminant Digestive System
	Drugs for Specific Purposes in the Ruminant Digestive System
			Esophageal Obstruction
			Ruminotorics
			Ruminal Fluid Transfer
			Antifoaming Agents
			Ruminoreticular Antacids
			Ruminoreticular Acidifying Agents
			Modulators of Ruminoreticular Motility
	Drug Disposition in the Ruminoreticulum

Systemic Pharmacotherapeutics of the Eye

	Overview of Systemic Pharmacotherapeutics of the Eye
	Routes of Administration for Ocular Medications
	Local Anesthetics for the Eye
	Drugs Used in Treatment of Infectious Disease of the Eye
			Feline Herpesvirus Keratitis and Conjunctivitis
			Feline Chlamydial Conjunctivitis
			Feline Toxoplasmosis
			Feline and Canine Rickettsial Infection
			Canine and Feline Ocular Mycoses
			Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis
			Penetrating Trauma
	Drugs Used in Treatment of Intraocular Inflammation
			Canine Immune-mediated Disease
			Canine Optic Neuritis
			Equine Uveitis
			Equine Optic Neuritis
	Drugs Used in Treatment of Miscellaneous Feline Ocular Conditions
			Feline Eosinophilic Keratitis
			Feline Hypertensive Retinopathy
	Drugs Used in Treatment of Glaucoma
			Osmotic Diuretics
			Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors

Systemic Pharmacotherapeutics of the Integumentary System

Overview of Systemic Pharmacotherapeutics of the Integumentary System
Antibacterials for Integumentary Diseasae
Antifungals for Integumentary Diseasae
		Griseofulvin
		Ketoconazole
		Itraconazole
		Fluconazole
		Amphotericin B
		Flucytosine
		Terbinafine
		Systemic Iodine
Antiparasitics for Integumentary Diseasae
		Ivermectin
		Milbemycin
		Moxidectin
		Selamectin
		Lufenuron
		Nitenpyram
		Cythioate
Antihistamines for Integumentary Diseasae
Essential Fatty Acids for Integumentary Diseasae
Hormonal Therapy for Integumentary Diseasae
		Glucocorticoids
		Thyroid Hormone
		Trilostane
		Mitotane (o,p′DDD)
		Progesterones
		Growth Hormone
		Sex Hormones
		Melatonin
Immunomodulators for Integumentary Diseasae
	Immunostimulants
	Immunosuppressants
		Glucocorticoids
		Azathioprine
		Cyclophosphamide
		Chlorambucil
		Crysotherapy
		Cyclosporine
		Sulfones
		Tetracycline and Niacinamide
		Pentoxifylline
Psychotropic Agents for Integumentary Diseasae
Vitamins and Minerals for Integumentary Diseasae
		Retinoids
		Zinc

Systemic Pharmacotherapeutics of the Muscular System

	Overview of Systemic Pharmacotherapeutics of the Muscular System
	Neuromuscular Blocking Agents
			Competitive Nondepolarizing Agents
			Depolarizing Agents
	Skeletal Muscle Spasmolytics
	Anabolic Steroids

Systemic Pharmacotherapeutics of the Nervous System

Overview of Systemic Pharmacotherapeutics of the Nervous System
Anticonvulsants
Anticonvulsants Used to Stop Ongoing Seizure Activity
	Foals and Horses
	Ruminants
	Dogs and Cats
		Benzodiazepines
		Barbiturates
		Inhalation Anesthesia
		Alternative Methods to Stop a Seizure
Maintenance Anticonvulsant Therapy
	Maintenance Anticonvulsants
		Phenobarbital
		Bromide
		Primidone
		Diazepam
	Newer or Adjunctive Anticonvulsants
		Levetiracetam
		Zonisamide
		Gabapentin
		Felbamate
		Valproic Acid
		Clonazepam
		Carbamazepine
		Chlorazepate Dipotassium
		Phenytoin
		Mephenytoin
		Topiramate
Tranquilizers, Sedatives, and Analgesics
Psychotropic Agents
	Anxiolytics
	Antipsychotics
	Mood-stabilizing Drugs
	Antidepressants
	Other Agents

Systemic Pharmacotherapeutics of the Reproductive System

	Overview of Systemic Pharmacotherapeutics of the Reproductive System
	Effect of Reproductive Therapy on the Fetus or Neonate

Systemic Pharmacotherapeutics of the Respiratory System Systemic Pharmacotherapeutics of the Urinary System Chemotherapeutics Introduction

Overview of Chemotherapeutics
Guidelines for Clinical Use of Antimicrobial Agents
		Designing a Dosing Regimen
	Requirements for Successful Antimicrobial Therapy
		Clinical Diagnosis
		Microbiologic Diagnosis
		Culture and Susceptibility Testing
		Appropriate Selection of Antimicrobial Agents
		Correct Dosage and Route of Administration
		Ancillary Treatment, Nutritional Support, and Nursing Care
	Combination Therapy
	Mechanisms of Action
	Reasons for Failure of Antibacterial Therapy
	Resistance of Microorganisms to Antibacterial Agents
	Role of Veterinarians in Antimicrobial Resistance

Anthelmintics

Overview of Anthelmintics
Mechanisms of Action of Anthelmintics
		Cellular Integrity
		Neuromuscular Coordination
Pharmacokinetics of Anthelmintics
		Benzimidazoles and Probenzimidazoles
		Imidazothiazoles
		Tetrahydropyrimidines
		Macrocyclic Lactones
		Salicylanilides and Substituted Phenols
Withholding Periods After Anthelmintic Treatment
Safety of Anthelmintics
Resistance to Anthelmintics
Benzimidazoles
		Ruminants
		Horses
		Swine
		Dogs and Cats
		Birds
Imidazothiazoles
		Ruminants
		Swine
		Dogs
		Birds
Tetrahydropyrimidines
		Ruminants
		Horses
		Swine
		Dogs and Cats
Macrocyclic Lactones
	Environmental Effects
	Persistent Efficacy
		Cattle
		Small Ruminants
		Swine
		Horses
		Dogs and Cats
		Other Species
Salicylanilides, Substituted Phenols, Aromatic Amide
Praziquantel and Epsiprantel
Miscellaneous Anthelmintics
New Anthelmintics
		Cyclic Octadepsipeptides
		Amino-acetonitrile Derivatives (AAD)

Antibacterial Agents

β-Lactam Antibiotics
	Antimicrobial Activity
		Mode of Action
		Bacterial Resistance
			Permeability Barrier
			Specific Bacterial Binding Proteins
			L-Forms of Bacteria
			Quiescent Organisms
			Tolerance
			β-Lactamase (Penicillinase) Resistance
Penicillins
	Classes by Spectrum
		Narrow-spectrum β-Lactamase-Sensitive Penicillins
		Narrow-spectrum β-Lactamase-Resistant Penicillins
		Broad-spectrum β-Lactamase-Sensitive Penicillins
		Broad-spectrum β-Lactamase-Sensitive Penicillins with Extended Spectra
		β-Lactamase-Protected Broad-Spectrum Penicillins
		Carbapenems
	General Properties
		Antibacterial Spectra
	Pharmacokinetic Features
		Absorption
		Distribution
		Biotransformation
		Excretion
		Pharmacokinetic Values
	Therapeutic Indications and Dose Rates
	Special Clinical Concerns
		Adverse Effects and Toxicity
		Interactions
		Effects on Laboratory Tests
		Drug Withdrawal and Milk Discard Times
Cephalosporins and Cephamycins
	Classes
		First-Generation Cephalosporins
		Second-Generation Cephalosporins
		Third and Fourth-Generation Cephalosporins
	General Properties
	Antimicrobial Activity
		Bacterial Resistance
		Antibacterial Spectra
	Pharmacokinetic Features
		Absorption
		Distribution
		Biotransformation
		Excretion
		Pharmacokinetic Values
	Therapeutic Indications and Dose Rates
	Special Clinical Concerns
		Adverse Effects and Toxicity
		Interactions
		Effects on Laboratory Tests
		Drug Withdrawal and Milk Discard Times
Aminoglycosides
	Classes
		Narrow-Spectrum Aminoglycosides
		Expanded-Spectrum Aminoglycosides
		Miscellaneous Aminoglycoside Antibiotics
	General Properties
	Antimicrobial Activity
		Mode of Action
		Bacterial Resistance
		Antibacterial Spectra
	Pharmacokinetic Features
		Absorption
		Distribution
		Biotransformation, Excretion, and Pharmacokinetic Values
	Therapeutic Indications and Dose Rates
	Special Clinical Concerns
		Adverse Effects and Toxicity
		Interactions
		Effects on Laboratory Tests
		Drug Withdrawal and Milk Discard Times
	Miscellaneous Aminocyclitol Antibiotics
Quinolones
	Classes
	General Properties
	Antimicrobial Activity
		Mode of Action
		Bacterial Resistance
		Antimicrobial Spectrum
	Pharmacokinetic Features
		Absorption
		Distribution
		Biotransformation
		Excretion
		Pharmaco5kinetic Considerations
	Therapeutic Indications and Dose Rates
	Special Clinical Concerns
		Adverse Effects and Toxicity
		Interactions
		Effects on Laboratory Tests
Sulfonamides and Sulfonamide Combinations
	Classes
		Standard Use Sulfonamides
		Highly Soluble Sulfonamides Used for Urinary Tract Infections
		Poorly Soluble Sulfonamides Used for Intestinal Infections
		Potentiated Sulfonamides
		Topical Sulfonamides
	General Properties
	Antimicrobial Activity
		Mode of Action
		Bacterial Resistance
		Antimicrobial Spectrum
	Pharmacokinetic Features
		Absorption
		Distribution
		Biotransformation
		Excretion
		Pharmacokinetic Considerations
	Therapeutic Indications and Dose Rates
	Special Clinical Concerns
		Adverse Effects and Toxicity
		Interactions
		Effects on Laboratory Tests
		Drug Withdrawal and Milk Discard Times
	Potentiated Sulfonamides
		General Properties
		Antimicrobial Features
		Antibacterial Spectrum
		Pharmacokinetic Features
		Dose Rates
		Adverse Effects and Toxicity
		Drug Withdrawal and Milk Discard Times
Tetracyclines
	Classes
	General Properties
	Antimicrobial Activity
		Mode of Action
		Bacterial Resistance
		Antimicrobial Spectra
	Pharmacokinetic Features
		Absorption
		Distribution
		Biotransformation
		Excretion
		Pharmacokinetic Values
	Therapeutic Indications and Dose Rates
	Special Clinical Concerns
		Adverse Effects and Toxicity
		Interactions
		Effects on Laboratory Tests
		Drug Withdrawal and Milk Discard Times
Chloramphenicol and Congeners
	Classes
	General Properties
	Antimicrobial Activity
		Mode of Action
		Bacterial Resistance
		Antimicrobial Spectrum
	Pharmacokinetic Features
		Absorption
		Distribution
		Biotransformation
		Excretion
		Pharmacokinetic Values
	Therapeutic Indications and Dose Rates
	Special Clinical Concerns
		Adverse Effects and Toxicity
		Interactions
		Effects on Laboratory Tests
		Drug Withdrawal and Milk Discard Times
Macrolides
	Classes
	General Properties
	Antimicrobial Activity
		Mode of Action
		Bacterial Resistance
		Antimicrobial Spectra
	Pharmacokinetic Features
		Absorption
		Distribution
		Biotransformation
		Excretion
		Pharmacokinetics
	Therapeutic Indications and Dose Rates
	Special Clinical Concerns
		Adverse Effects and Toxicity
		Interactions
		Effects on Laboratory Tests
		Drug Withdrawal and Milk Discard Times
Lincosamides
	General Properties
	Antimicrobial Activity
		Mode of Action
		Bacterial Resistance
		Antimicrobial Spectra
	Pharmacokinetic Features
		Absorption
		Distribution
		Biotransformation
		Excretion
		Pharmacokinetics
	Therapeutic Indications and Dose Rates
	Special Clinical Concerns
		Adverse Effects and Toxicity
		Interactions
		Effects on Laboratory Tests
		Drug Withdrawal Times
Polymyxins
Bacitracins
Vancomycin
Novobiocin Sodium
Tiamulin Fumarate
Rifamycins
Nitrofurans
	Nitrofurantoin
	Nitrofurazone
	Furazolidone
	Miscellaneous Nitrofurans
Nitroimidazoles
	Metronidazole
Hydroxyquinolines

Antifungal Agents

Overview of Antifungal Agents
Polyene Macrolide Antibiotics
	Antifungal Activity
		Mode of Action
		Fungal Resistance
		Antifungal Spectra
	Pharmacokinetic Features
		Absorption
		Distribution
		Biotransformation and Excretion
		Pharmacokinetics
	Therapeutic Indications and Dose Rates
	Special Clinical Concerns
		Adverse Effects and Toxicity
		Interactions
		Effects on Laboratory tests
Imidazoles
	Antifungal Activity
		Mode of Action
		Fungal Resistance
		Antimicrobial Spectra
	Pharmacokinetic Features
		Absorption and Distribution
		Biotransformation and Excretion
		Pharmacokinetics
	Therapeutic Indications and Dose Rates
	Special Clinical Concerns
		Adverse Effects and Toxicity
		Interactions
		Effects on Laboratory Tests
Flucytosine
	Antifungal Activity
		Mode of Action
		Fungal Resistance
		Antifungal Spectra
	Pharmacokinetic Features
		Absorption and Distribution
		Biotransformation and Excretion
		Pharmacokinetics
	Therapeutic Indications and Dose Rates
	Special Clinical Concerns
		Adverse Effects and Toxicity
		Interactions
		Effects on Laboratory tests
Griseofulvin
	Antifungal Activity
		Mode of Action
		Fungal Resistance
		Antifungal Spectra
	Pharmacokinetic Features
		Absorption
		Distribution
		Biotransformation and Pharmacokinetics
	Therapeutic Indications and Dose Rates
	Special Clinical Concerns
		Adverse Effects and Toxicity
		Interactions
		Effects on Laboratory Tests
Iodides
Topical Antifungal Agents

Anti-Inflammatory Agents

Overview of Anti-inflammatory Agents
Pathophysiology of Inflammation
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
Antihistamines
Corticosteroids
		Mode of Action
		Physiologic and Pharmacologic Effects
		Administration and Pharmacokinetics
		Adverse Effects
		Therapeutic Uses
Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs
		Mode of Action
		Pharmacologic Effects
		Administration and Pharmacokinetics
		Adverse Effects
	Specific Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs
		Aspirin
		Acetaminophen
		Phenylbutazone
		Meclofenamic Acid
		Flunixin Meglumine
		Carprofen
		Ketoprofen
		Etodolac
		Vedaprofen
		Meloxicam
		Deracoxib
		Firocoxib
		Tepoxalin
		Other NSAID
Chondroprotective Agents
		Polysulfated Glycosaminoglycan (PSGAG)
		Pentosan Polysulfate Sodium (PPS)
		Hyaluronan
		Orgotein

Antineoplastic Agents

	Overview of Antineoplastic Agents
			Tumor Growth and Response to Chemotherapy
			Principles of Antineoplastic Chemotherapy
			Resistance to Antineoplastic Agents
			Patterns of Toxicity
			Biologic Response Modifiers in Cancer Therapy
			Safe Handling of Antineoplastic Agents
			Classification of Antineoplastic Chemotherapeutic Agents
	Alkylating Agents
			Nitrogen Mustards
			Other Alkylating Agents
	Antimetabolites
			Folic Acid Analogs
			Pyrimidine Analogs
			Purine Analogs
	Mitotic Inhibitors
			Vinca Alkaloids
			Taxanes
	Antineoplastic Antibiotics
	Hormonal Agents
	Miscellaneous Antineoplastic Agents
	Ancillary Antineoplastic Agents
	Treatment of Canine Lymphoma

Antiseptics and Disinfectants Antiviral Agents and Biologic Response Modifiers

	Overview of Antiviral Agents and Biologic Response Modifiers
	Pyrimidine Nucleosides
	Purine Nucleosides
	Ribavirin
	Zidovudine
	Amantadine
	Biologic Response Modifiers
			Interferons
	Miscellaneous Antiviral Agents

Ectoparasiticides

Ectoparasiticides Used in Large Animals
	Chemotherapeutic Agents
		Organochlorines
		Organophosphates and Carbamates
		Pyrethrins and Synthetic Pyrethroids
		Macrocyclic Lactones (Avermectins and Milbemycins)
		Formamidines
		Chloronicotinyls and Spinosyns
		Insect Growth Regulators
		Miscellaneous Compounds
	Other Control Methods
		Biological Control
		Off-host Control
	Safety Restrictions
Ectoparasiticides Used in Small Animals
	Active Chemical Ingredients
		Macrocyclic Lactones
		Cholinesterase Inhibitors
		Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
		Neonicotinoids
		Formamidines
		Insect Growth Regulators
		Phenylpyrazoles
		Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids
		Semicarbazones
		Spinosyns
		Repellents
		Synergists
	Target Parasite Efficacy
	Safety
	Delivery Systems

Growth Promotants and Production Enhancers Vaccines and Immunotherapy

Audio

Figures

Photographs

Sidebars

Tables

Videos