Hypodermosis of cattle in the northern hemisphere is caused by the larvae (cattle grubs or ox warbles) of flies of the genus Hypoderma (order Diptera, family Oestridae). Hypoderma tarandi parasitizes native Cervidae and reindeer in Arctic regions. In Central and South America, larvae (tropical warbles) of Dermatobia hominis (order Diptera, family Cuterebridae) are important pests of cattle.

Last full review/revision July 2011 by John E. Lloyd, BS, PhD; Franklin Riet-Correa, MSc, PhD