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Herbicides are used routinely to control noxious plants. Most of these chemicals, particularly the more recently developed synthetic organic herbicides, are quite selective for specific plants and have low toxicity for mammals; other less selective compounds (eg, sodium arsenite, arsenic trioxide, sodium chlorate, ammonium sulfamate, borax, and many others) were formerly used on a large scale and are more toxic to animals.
Vegetation treated with herbicides at proper rates normally will not be hazardous to animals, including humans. Particularly after the herbicides have dried on the vegetation, only small amounts can be dislodged. When herbicide applications have been excessive, damage to lawns, crops, or other foliage is often evident.
The residue potential for most of these agents is low. However, runoff from agricultural applications and entrance into drinking water cannot be ruled out. The possibility of residues should be explored if significant exposure of food-producing animals occurs. The time recommended before treated vegetation is grazed or used as animal feed is available for a number of products.
Most health problems in animals result from exposure to excessive quantities of herbicides because of improper or careless use or disposal of containers. When used properly, problems of herbicide poisoning in veterinary practice are rare. With few exceptions, it is only when animals gain direct access to the product that acute poisoning occurs. Acute signs usually will not lead to a diagnosis, although acute GI signs are frequent. All common differential diagnoses should be excluded in animals showing signs of a sudden onset of disease or sudden death. The case history is critical. Sickness following feeding, spraying of pastures or crops adjacent to pastures, a change in housing, or direct exposure may lead to a tentative diagnosis of herbicide poisoning. Generally, the nature of exposure is hard to identify because of storage of herbicides in mis- or unlabeled containers. Unidentified spillage of liquid from containers or powder from torn or damaged bags near a feed source, or visual confusion with a dietary ingredient or supplement, may cause the exposure. Once a putative chemical source has been identified, an animal poison control center should be contacted for information on treatments, laboratory tests, and likely outcome.
Chronic disease caused by herbicides is even more difficult to diagnose. It may include a history of herbicide use in proximity to the animals or animal feed or water source, or a gradual change in the animals' performance or behavior over a period of weeks, months, or even years. Occasionally, it involves manufacture or storage of herbicides nearby. Samples of possible sources (ie, contaminated feed and water) for residue analysis, as well as tissues from exposed animals taken at necropsy, are essential. Months or even years may be required to successfully identify a problem of chronic exposure.
If poisoning is suspected, the first step in management is to halt further exposure. Animals should be separated from any possible source before attempting to stabilize and support them. If there are life-threatening signs, efforts to stabilize animals by general mitigation methods should be started. Specific antidotal treatments, when available, may help to confirm the diagnosis. As time permits, a more detailed history and investigation should be completed. The owner should be made aware of the need for full disclosure of facts in order to successfully determine the source of poisoning, eg, unapproved use or failure to properly store a chemical.
Toxicity and Management of Poisoning
There are >200 active ingredients used as herbicides; however, some of them are believed to be obsolete or no longer in use. Of these, several have been evaluated for their toxic potential and are discussed below. More specific information is available on the label and from the manufacturer, cooperative extension service, or poison control center. Selected information on herbicides, such as the acute toxic dose (LD50), the amount an animal can be exposed to without being affected (no adverse effect level), and the likelihood of problems caused by dermal contact (dermal LD50, eye and skin irritation) is included for some commonly used herbicides (see Herbicide Poisoning ). Comparative toxicity of selected herbicides in domesticated species is also summarized (see Herbicide Poisoning: Oral Toxic Doses (TD) and Lethal Doses (LD) of Herbicides in Domestic Species). The information is only a guideline because the toxicity of herbicides may be altered by the presence of other ingredients (eg, impurities, surfactants, stabilizers, emulsifiers) present in the compound. With a few exceptions, most of the newly developed chemicals have a low order of toxicity to mammals. However, some herbicides are known to have adverse effects on developing embryos. A list of selected herbicides with teratogenic potential in experimental animals is summarized in see Herbicide Poisoning: Herbicides with Potential to Cause Developmental Toxicity in Experimental Animals.
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Table 1
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PrintOpen table in new window  |
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| Herbicide Poisoning |
|
Compound
|
Acute Oral LD50—Rat
|
NOAELa (oral)
|
Acute Dermal LD50
|
Avian Toxicity/NOAECb
|
Toxicity to Fish in Water
|
Skin and Eye Irritation
|
|
Acetochlor
|
2,148–2,950 mg/kg
|
Dog, 1 yr 12 mg/kg/day
|
Rabbit 4,166 mg/kg
|
LC50 5 day
Bobwhite quail and Mallard duck 5,620 mg/kg
|
LC50 96 hr
Rainbow trout 0.45 mg/L
|
Skin–mild
Eye–mild
|
|
Acifluorfen
|
1,300 mg/kg (F)
|
Rat, 2 yr 180 ppm
|
Rabbit >2,000 mg/kg
|
LC50 8 day
Mallard duck >10,000 mg/kg
|
LC50 96 hr
Rainbow trout 31 mg/L
|
Skin–moderate
Eye–severe
|
|
Acrolein
|
29 mg/kg
|
Rat, 13 wk 150 mg/L in drinking water
|
Rabbit 231 mg/kg
|
LD50 (oral)
Bobwhite quail 19.0 mg/kg
Mallard duck 9.1 mg/kg
|
LC50 24 hr
Bluegill and Rainbow trout 0.024 mg/L
|
Skin–severe
Eye–severe
|
|
Alachlor
|
930–1,200 mg/kg
|
Dog, 90 day <200 mg/kg/day
|
Rabbit 13,300 mg/kg
|
|
|
Skin–mild
|
|
Ametryn
|
1,009–1,405 mg/kg
|
Rat reproduction 50 ppm
|
Rabbit 2,020 mg/kg
|
LD50 (oral)
Birds >2,250 mg/kg
LC50 5 day
Birds >5,620 ppm
|
|
Skin–irritation
Guinea pig–sensitization
Eye–mild
|
|
α-Metolachlor
|
2,675–2,952 mg/kg
|
Dog, 90 days 0.0125 mg/kg/day
|
Rat 2,020 mg/kg
|
LC50 8 day
Bobwhite quail and Mallard duck >10,000 ppm
|
LC50 96 hr
Bluegill and Rainbow trout 3.9–10 ppm
|
Skin–slight
Eye–mild
|
|
Atrazine
|
2,000–3,080 mg/kg
|
Dog, 1 yr 150 ppm
Rat, 2 yr 10 ppm
|
Rabbit 7,500 mg/kg
|
LC50 8 day
Mallard duck >10,000 ppm in diet
|
LC50
96 hr Rainbow trout 8.8 mg/L
|
Skin–slight
|
|
Amitrole
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4,080 mg/kg (M)
|
Rat, 13 wk 2 mg/kg/day
|
Rat >5,000 mg/kg
|
LD50
Mallard duck 2,000 mg/kg
|
|
Skin–mild
Eye–mild
|
|
Ammonium sulfamate
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3,900 mg/kg
|
Rat, 105 days 10,000 mg/kg/day
|
|
LD50
Bobwhite quail 3,000 mg/kg
|
LC50 48 hr
Crucian carp 1,000–2,000 mg/L
|
Skin–none
|
|
Bensulfron methyl
|
>5,000 mg/kg
|
Rat, dog, 2 yr 750 ppm in diet
|
Rat >2,000 mg/kg
|
|
LC50 96 hr
Bluegill and Rainbow trout >150 ppm
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Skin–none
Eye–serious
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|
Bensulidec
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271–770 mg/kg
|
Dog, 90 days 12.5 mg/kg/day
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Rabbit 3,950 mg/kg
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LD50
Bobwhite quail, 3 wk 50 mg/kg poor hatchability
|
LC50 96 hr
Bluegill 1.4 mg/L
Rainbow trout 0.7 mg/L
|
Eye–none
|
|
Bentazon
|
1,100 mg/kg (cat 500 mg/kg)
|
Rat, 90 days 3.5 mg/kg/day
Dog, 90 days 7.5 mg/kg/day
|
Rat >2,500 mg/kg
|
LD50
Japanese quail 720 mg/kg
Mallard duck 2,000 mg/kg
|
LC50 96 hr
Bluegill 616 mg/L
Rainbow trout 1,060 mg/L
|
Slight irritant
|
|
Bispyribac sodium
|
|
Rat, 2 yr
1.1 mg/kg/day (M)
1.4 mg/kg/day (F)
|
|
LC50
Bobwhite quail and Mallard duck >5,620 ppm
|
LC50 96 hr
Bluegill and Rainbow trout >100 ppm
|
Skin–minor
Eye–minor
|
|
Borax
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2,000–6,000 mg/kg
|
|
|
|
Bromacil
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5,200 mg/kg
|
Rat, dog, 2 yr 250 mg/kg/day
|
Rabbit >5,000 mg/kg
|
LC50 8 day
Bobwhite quail and Mallard duck >10,000 mg/kg
|
LC50 48 hr
Bluegill 71 mg/L
Rainbow trout 56 mg/L
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Skin–irritating
Eye–irritating
|
|
Bromoxynil
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190–779 mg/kg
|
Rat, 90 days 50 mg/kg/day
|
Rabbit >2,000 mg/kg
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Acute LD50
Bobwhite quail 100 mg/kg
Mallard duck 200 mg/kg
|
LC50 96 hr
Rainbow trout 0.05 mg/L
|
Skin–none
Eye–none
|
|
Butachlorc
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2,000–3,300 mg/kg
|
Rabbits maternal and fetal effects 50 mg/kg/day
|
Rat >13.3 g/kg
|
|
|
Skin–none
Eye–moderate
Guinea pig–dermal sensitization
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|
Butylatec>
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5,431 mg/kg (M) 4,659 mg/kg (F)
|
Rat, 2 yr 20 mg/kg/day
Dog, 1 yr 25 mg/kg/day
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Rabbit >4,640 mg/kg
|
LC50 8 day
Bobwhite quail 40,000 mg/kg
Mallard duck 46,400 ppm in diet
|
LC50 96 hr
Bluegill 6.9 mg/L
Rainbow trout 4.2 mg/L
|
Skin–moderate
Eye–mild
|
|
Carfentrazone ethyl
|
>5,000 mg/kg
|
Rat, 2 yr
9 mg/kg/day (M)
3 mg/kg/day (F)
|
Rat >5,000 mg/kg
|
LC50
Bobwhite quail and Mallard duck >5,620 ppm
|
LC50 96 hr
Bluegill 2.0 ppm
Rainbow trout 16 ppm
|
Skin–none to slight
Eye–minimum
|
|
Chloramben
|
5,620 mg/kg
|
|
Rabbit >3,160 mg/kg
|
LC50 8 day
Mallard duck >4,640 mg/kg
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Not toxic to fish
|
Skin–mild
Eye–mild
|
|
Chlorotoluron
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>10,000 mg/kg
|
|
|
|
LC50 96 hr
Rainbow trout >100 mg/L
|
|
|
Chlorpropham
|
4,100–7,000 mg/kg
|
Rat, dog, 2 yr 100–350 mg/kg/day
|
|
LD50 8 day
Mallard duck >2,000 mg/kg
|
LC50 48 hr
Bluegill 6.3–6.8 mg/L
Rainbow trout 3–6 mg/L
|
Skin–moderate
Eye–moderate
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|
Chlorsulfuron
|
5,545 mg/kg (M)
6,293 mg/kg (F)
|
Rat, 2 yr 100 ppm in diet
|
Rabbit >3,400 mg/kg
|
LC50 8 day
Mallard duck >5,000 mg/kg
|
LC50 96 hr
Rainbow trout >250 mg/L
|
Skin–none
Eye–mild
|
|
Chlorthal dimethyl
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3,000–12,000 mg/kg
|
Rat, 2 yr <50 mg/kg/day
|
Rabbit >2,000 mg/kg
|
LD50 young
Bobwhite quail 5,500 mg/kg
|
Not toxic to fish
|
Skin–none
Eye–mild
|
|
Clethodim
|
1,630 mg/kg (M)
1,360 mg/kg (F)
|
Dog, 1 yr >1 mg/kg/day
|
Rabbit >5,000 mg/kg
|
LC50 8 day
Bobwhite quail 4,270 ppm
Mallard duck 3,978 ppm in diet
|
LC50
Bluegill 13 ppm
Rainbow trout 18 ppm
|
Skin–none
Eye–moderate
|
|
Clodinafop propargyl
|
1,392 mg/kg (M)
2,271 mg/kg (F)
|
Dog, 90 days
0.346 mg/kg/day (M)
1.89 mg/kg/day (F)
|
Rabbit >2,000 mg/kg
|
LC50
Birds >5,000 ppm
|
LC50
Freshwater fish 0.30 ppm
|
Skin–none
Eye–slight to severe
|
|
Clomazone
|
2,077 mg/kg (M)
1,369 mg/kg (F)
|
Dog, 1 yr <2.5 mg/kg/day
|
Rabbit >2,000 mg/kg
|
LD50 8 day
Bobwhite quail and Mallard duck 5,620 ppm in diet
|
LC50 96 hr
Bluegill 34 mg/L
Rainbow trout 19 mg/L
|
Skin–mild
Eye–moderate
|
|
Clopyralid
|
>4,300 mg/kg
|
Rat, 2 yr 50 mg/kg/day
|
Rabbit >2,000 mg/kg
|
LC50
Bobwhite quail and Mallard duck >4,640 ppm in diet
|
LC50 96 hr
Bluegill 125 mg/L
Rainbow trout 103.5 mg/L
|
Skin–mild
Eye–severe
|
|
Cloransulam-methyl
|
>5,000 mg/kg
|
Dog, 1 yr 10 mg/kg/day
|
Rabbit >2,000 mg/kg
|
LC505 day
Bobwhite quail and Mallard duck >5,620 ppm
|
LC50 96 hr
Bluegill >154 ppm
Rainbow trout >86 ppm
|
Skin–none
Eye–slight
|
|
Copper chelate
|
498 mg/kg
|
|
Rabbit >2,000 mg/kg
|
LC50 8 day
Mallard duck >1,000 ppm in diet
|
LC50 96 hr
Bluegill 1.2–7.5 mg/L
Rainbow trout <0.2–4 mg/L
|
Skin–slight
Eye–moderate
|
|
Copper sulfate
|
470 mg/kg
|
|
Rabbit >8,000 mg/kg
|
LD50 (oral)
Pheasant 1,000 ppm in diet (estimated)
|
LC50 96 hr
Bluegill 4.4–7.3 mg/L
Rainbow trout 0.135 mg/L
|
Skin–moderate
Eye–severe
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|
Cyanazined
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182–334 mg/kg
|
Dog, 2 yr <225 mg/kg/day
|
Rabbit >2,000 mg/kg
|
LD50
Bobwhite quail 400 mg/kg
Mallard duck >2,000 mg/kg
|
LC50 96 hr
Bluegill 23 mg/L
Rainbow trout 9 mg/L
|
Skin–none
Eye–mild
|
|
Cycloate
|
2,000–3,190 mg/kg
|
Dog 240 mg/kg/day
|
Rabbit >4,640 mg/kg
|
C50 7 day
Bobwhite quail >56,000 mg/kg
|
LC50 96 hr
Rainbow trout 5.6 mg/L
|
Skin–none
Eye–none
|
|
Cyhalofopbutyl
|
>5,000 mg/kg
|
Dog 46.7 mg/kg/day (M)
45.9 mg/kg/day (F)
|
Rat >5,000 mg/kg
|
|
LC50 96 hr
Bluegill >99.2 mg/L
Rainbow trout >1.65 mg/L
|
Skin–none
Eye–minimal
|
|
Dalapon
|
6,600–9,330 mg/kg
|
|
|
|
LC50 96 hr
Fish 210–340 mg/L
|
|
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Di-allated
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340–460 mg/kg
|
|
|
|
LC50 96 hr
Fish 8.2 mg/L
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|
|
2,4-D
|
370–700 mg/kg
|
Rat, 2 yr 50 mg/kg/day
|
Rabbit >2,000 mg/kg
|
LC50 8 day
Mallard duck >4,640 mg/kg
|
LC50 96 hr
Bluegill >300 mg/L
Rainbow trout 800 mg/L
|
Skin–none
Eye–moderate
|
|
2,4-D dimethyl-amine
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949–4,650 mg/kg
|
Dog, 1 yr 1 mg/kg/day
|
Rabbit >2,000 mg/kg
|
LC50 8 day
Mallard duck, >5,600 ppm
|
LC50 96 hr
Bluegill 524 mg/L
Rainbow trout 250 mg/L
|
Skin–minimal
Eye–severe
|
|
2,4-D isooctyl ester
|
500–700 mg/kg
|
Dog, 1 yr 1 mg/kg/day
|
Rabbit >2,000 mg/kg
|
As for 2,4-D (above)
|
|
Skin–none
Eye–severe
|
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Dazomet
|
551–646 mg/kg (M)
335–562 mg/kg (F)
|
Rat, 2 yr 1.6 mg/kg/day
|
Rabbit >2,000 mg/kg
|
LD50
Bobwhite quail 415 ppm in diet
|
LC50
Rainbow trout 0.16; 2.4–16.2 mg/L
|
Skin–mild
Eye–severe
|
|
Dicamba
|
1,707 mg/kg
|
Rat, 2 yr 125 mg/kg/day
Dog, 2 yr 50 mg/kg day
|
Rabbit >2,000 mg/kg
|
LC50 8 day
Bobwhite quail and Mallard duck >4,600 mg/kg
|
LC50 96 hr
Bluegill and Rainbow trout >1,000 mg/L
|
Skin–moderate
Eye–extreme
|
|
Dichlobenil
|
>3,160 mg/kg
|
Rat, 2 yr >20 ppm in diet
Pig, 6 mo >50 ppm in diet
|
Rabbit >1,350 mg/kg
|
LC50 8 day
Mallard duck >5,200 ppm in diet
|
LC50 96 hr
Bluegill and Rainbow trout 7 mg/L
|
Skin–none
Eye–mild to moderate
|
|
Dichlorprop or 2,4-DP
|
700 mg/kg (M)
500 mg/kg (F)
|
Rat 4 mg/kg
|
Mouse 1,400 mg/kg
|
LC50
Upland birds, waterfowl >10,000 ppm in diet
|
LC50
Bluegill 1.1 mg/L
Rainbow trout 100–200 mg/L
|
Skin–none
Eye–none
|
|
Diclosulam
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>5,000 mg/kg
|
Rat 0.05 mg/kg
|
Rabbit >2,000 mg/kg
|
|
LC50
Most sensitive aquatic species 10-100 mg/L
|
Skin–moderate
Eye–moderate
|
|
Difenzoquat (methylsulfate)
|
617 mg/kg (M)
373 mg/kg (F)
|
Dog, 1 yr 20 mg/kg/day
|
Rabbit >2,000 mg/kg
|
LC50 8 day
Bobwhite quail and Mallard duck 4,640 ppm in diet
|
LC50 96 hr
Bluegill 696 mg/L
Rainbow trout 711 mg/L
|
Skin–mild
Eye–mild
|
|
Diflufenzopyr
|
1,600 to >5,000 mg/kg
|
Dog, 1 yr
28 mg/kg/day (M)
26 mg/kg/day (F)
|
Rabbit >5,000 mg/kg
|
LC50
Avian, Mallard >5,620 ppm
|
LC50
Bluegill 135 ppm
Rainbow trout 106 ppm
|
Skin–very slight
Eye–mild to slight
|
|
Dimethenamid
|
429–1,293 mg/kg
|
Dog, 1 yr 50–250 ppm in diet
|
Rabbit >2,000 mg/kg
|
LC50
Bobwhite quail and Mallard duck >5,620 ppm in diet
|
LC50
Bluegill 6.4 mg/L
Rainbow trout 2.6 mg/L
|
Skin–mild
Eye–moderate
|
|
Dinoterb
|
25 mg/kg
|
|
|
LC50
Partridges 3–5 ppm in diet
|
Toxic to fish
|
|
|
Diquat
|
231–440 mg/kg
|
Rat reproduction 1 mg/kg/day
|
Rabbit >400 mg/kg
|
LC50
Partridges 270–300 ppm in diet
|
LC50
Fish 80–210 mg/L
|
Skin–none
Eye–mild
|
|
Dithiopyr
|
>5,000 mg/kg
|
Dog, 1 yr <0.5 mg/kg/day
|
Rabbit >5,000 mg/kg
|
LC50
Bobwhite quail and Mallard duck >5,260 ppm in diet
|
LC50
Bluegill 0.7 mg/L
Rainbow trout 0.5 mg/L
|
Skin–slight
Eye–moderate
|
|
Diuron
|
3,400 mg/kg
|
Dog, 2 yr 25 mg/kg
|
Rat >2,000 mg/kg
|
LC50
Bobwhite quail 1,730 ppm
Mallard duck >5,000 ppm in diet
|
LC50
Bluegill 7.4 mg/L
Rainbow trout 4.3 mg/L
|
Skin–none
Eye–mild
|
|
DNOC
|
25–85 mg/kg
|
Rat, 2 yr 0.59 mg/kg/day
|
Rat 600–2,000 mg/kg
Rabbit 1,000 mg/kg
|
LD50
Japanese quail 10–25 mg/kg
|
LC50
Fish 0.2–13 mg/L
|
Skin–erythema and edema
Eyes–corrosive
Guinea pig–skin sensitizer
|
|
EPTC (s-ethyldipropylthiocarbamate)
|
1,630 mg/kg
|
Dog, 90 day 20 mg/kg
|
Rabbit 2,750–5,000 mg/kg
|
LC50 7 day
Bobwhite quail 20,000 ppm in diet
|
LC50
Bluegill 27 mg/L
Rainbow trout 19 mg/L
|
Skin–mild
Eye–severe
|
|
Ethalfluralin
|
Rat >5,000 mg/kg (dog, cat >200 mg/kg)
|
Rat, mouse, 90 day 68 mg/kg
|
Rabbit >2,000 mg/kg
|
LC50 8 day
Bobwhite quail and Mallard duck >5,000 ppm
|
LC50
Bluegill 0.03–0.1 mg/L
Rainbow trout 0.037–0.136 mg/L
|
Skin–slight to moderate
Eye–slight
|
|
Ethephon
|
1,600–4,229 mg/kg
|
Rat, 2 yr 375 mg/kg/day
Mouse, 78 wk 4.5 mg/kg/day
|
Rabbit >5,000 mg/kg
|
LC50 8 day
Mallard duck >10,000 ppm
|
LC50 96 hr
Bluegill 222–300 mg/L
Rainbow trout 254–350 mg/L
|
Skin–corrosive
Eye–corrosive
|
|
Fenoxapropd
|
2,357 mg/kg (M)
2,500 mg/kg (F)
|
Dog, 2 yr 0.375 mg/kg/day
|
Rabbit >1,000 mg/kg
|
LD50 Japanese quail >5,000 mg/kg
|
LC50
Bluegill 3.3 mg/L
Rainbow trout 3.4 mg/L
|
Skin–slight
Eye–serious nonreversible corneal opacity
|
|
Fenoxaprop-ethyld
|
4,430 mg/kg
|
Dog, 2 yr 0.9 mg/kg/day
|
Rat >5,000 mg/kg
|
LC50 8 day
Bobwhite quail and Mallard duck 5,620 ppm
|
LC50
Bluegill 0.31 mg/L
Rainbow trout 0.46 mg/L
|
Skin–slight
Eye–moderate
|
|
Flamprop-methyl
|
1,210 mg/kg
|
Dog, 2 yr 10 mg/kg/day
|
Rat >294 mg/kg
|
LD50
Bobwhite quail 4,640 mg/kg
Mallard duck >1,000 mg/kg
|
LC50 96 hr
Rainbow trout 4.7 mg/L
|
Skin–none
Eye–none
|
|
Florasulam
|
>6,000 mg/kg
|
Dog, 1 yr 5 mg/kg/day
|
Rabbit >2,000 mg/kg
|
LD50 14 day
Japanese quail 175 mg/kg
|
LC50 96 hr
Rainbow trout >100 mg/L
|
Skin–none
Eye–none
|
|
Fluazifop-p-butyl
|
3,680–4,096 mg/kg (M)
2,451–2,721 mg/kg (F)e
|
Rat, 90 day >10 mg/kg/day
|
Rabbit >2,400 mg/kg
|
LD50 5 day
Bobwhite quail >4,659 ppm
Mallard duck >4,321 ppm
|
LC50 96 hr
Bluegill 0.5 mg/L
Rainbow trout 1.4 mg/L
|
Skin–slight
Eye–mild
|
|
Flucarbazone-sodium
|
>5,000 mg/kg
|
Dog, 1 yr 35.9 mg/kg/day
|
Rat >5,000 mg/kg
|
NOAEC (reproduction)
Mallard duck 233 mg/kg/day
|
NOAEL (chronic)
Rainbow trout 2.75 mg/L
|
Skin–none
Eye–minimal
|
|
Flufenacet
|
1,617 mg/kg (M) 589 mg/kg (F)
|
Dog, 1 yr 1.29 mg/kg/day
|
Rat >2,000 mg/kg
|
LC505 day
Bobwhite quail >5,317 ppm
Mallard duck >4,970 ppm
|
LC50
Bluegill 2.26–2.4 ppm
Rainbow trout 3.49–5.84 ppm
|
Skin–none
Eye–minimal
|
|
Flumetsulam
|
>5,000 mg/kg
|
|
Rat >2,000 mg/kg
|
LC50
Mallard duck >5,620 ppm
|
LC50
Bluegill >300 ppm
Rainbow trout >293 ppm
|
Skin–none
Eye–slight
|
|
Flumiclorac
|
3,200 to >5,000 mg/kg
|
Dog, 1 yr 100 mg/kg/day
|
Rat >2,000 mg/kg
|
LC50
Mallard duck >5,620 ppm
|
LC50 96 hr
Bluegill 17.4 mg/L
Rainbow trout 1.1 mg/L
|
Skin–severe
Eye–moderate
|
|
Fluometuron
|
>8,000 mg/kg
|
Rat, 103 wk 125 mg/kg/day
|
Rat >2 g/kg
Rabbit 10 g/kg
|
|
LC50 96 hr
Bluegill 96 mg/L
Rainbow trout 47 mg/L
Crucian carp 17 mg/L
|
|
|
Fluroxypyr
|
>5,000 mg/kg
|
Dog, 1 yr 150 mg/kg/day
|
Rat >2,000 mg/kg
|
LC505 day
Mallard duck >5,000 ppm
|
LC50 96 hr
Bluegill 14.3 mg/L
Rainbow trout 13.4–100 mg/L
|
Skin–none
Eye–slight
|
|
Fluthiacet
|
>5,000 mg/kg
|
Dog, 1 yr
57.6 mg/kg/day (M)
30.3 mg/kg/day (F)
|
Rat >2,000 mg/kg
|
LC50 5 day
Bobwhite quail and Mallard duck >5,620 ppm
|
LC5096 hr
Bluegill 140 μg/L
Rainbow trout 43 μg/L
|
Skin–none
Eye–minimal
|
|
Foramsulfuron
|
>3,881 mg/kg
|
Rat, 2 yr
849 mg/kg/day (M)
1,135 mg/kg/day (F)
|
Rat >5,000 mg/kg
|
LC50
Bobwhite quail and Mallard duck >5,000 ppm
|
|
Skin–moderate
Eye–mild
|
|
Fosamine ammonium
|
24,000 mg/kg
|
Rat, 90 day 1,000 mg/kg
|
Rabbit >1,683 mg/kg
|
LD50
Mallard duck >10,000 ppm in diet
|
LC50
Bluegill 670 mg/L
Rainbow trout 1,000 mg/L
|
Skin–none
Eye–moderate to severe
|
|
Glufosinate (ammonium salt)
|
1,510–2,030 mg/kg
|
Dog, 1 yr 5 mg/kg/day
|
Rat >1,390 mg/kg
|
LC50 5 day
Japanese quail >5,000 mg/kg
|
LC50 96 hr
Bluegill 56–75 mg/L
Rainbow trout >26.7 mg/L
|
Skin–slight
Eye–moderate to severe
|
|
Glyphosate
|
4,230–5,600 mg/kg
|
Dog, 2 yr >500 mg/kg/day
|
Rabbit >5,000 mg/kg
|
LC50 8 day
Bobwhite quail and Mallard duck 4,500 ppm in diet
|
LC50 96 hr
Bluegill 120 mg/L
Rainbow trout 86 mg/L
|
Skin–none
Eye–slight to moderate
|
|
Halosulfuron
|
1,287 mg/kg
|
Dog, 13 wk 10 mg/kg/day
|
Rat >5,000 mg/kg
|
LC50 5 day
Bobwhite quail and Mallard duck >5,620 ppm
|
LC50 96 hr
Bluegill >118 mg/L
Rainbow trout >131 mg/L
|
Skin–slight
Eye–slight
|
|
Hexazinone
|
1,690 mg/kg
|
Rat, 2 yr 250 mg/kg in diet
|
Rabbit >5,278 mg/kg
|
LC50 5–8 day
Bobwhite quail and Mallard duck >10,000 ppm in diet
|
LC50 96 hr
Bluegill 370–420 mg/L
Rainbow trout 320–420 mg/L
|
Skin–none
Eye–severe but reversible
|
|
Imazamethabenzmethyl
|
>5,000 mg/kg
|
Dog, 1 yr 1,000 ppm
|
Rabbit >2,000 mg/kg
|
|
|
Skin–none
Eye–slight
|
|
Imazaquin
|
>5,000 mg/kg
|
Dog, 1 yr 1,000 ppm
|
Rabbit >2,000 mg/kg
|
|
|
Skin–slight
|
|
Imazamox
|
>5,000 mg/kg
|
Dog, 1 yr 40,000 ppm
|
Rat >4,000 mg/kg
|
LC50
Mallard duck >5,672 ppm
|
LC50 96 hr
Bluegill >119 ppm
Rainbow trout >122 ppm
|
Skin–none
Eye–none
|
|
Imazapic
|
>5,000 mg/kg
|
Dog, 1 yr 5,000 ppm
|
Rabbit >2,000 mg/kg
|
|
|
Skin–slight
Eye–moderate
|
|
Imazapyr
|
>5,000 mg/kg
|
Dog, 1 yr feeding 1,000 ppm
Rat 300 mg/kg/day (teratology)
|
Rabbit >2,000 mg/kg
|
LC50 8 day
Bobwhite quail and Mallard duck >5,000 ppm in diet
|
LC50 96 hr
Bluegill and Rainbow trout >100 mg/L
|
Skin–mild
Eye–more severe
|
|
Imazethapyr
|
>5,000 mg/kg
|
Dog, 1 yr 25 mg/kg/day
|
Rabbit >2,000 mg/kg
|
LD50
Bobwhite quail and Mallard duck >2,150 ppm in diet
|
LC50 96 hr
Bluegill 420 mg/L
Rainbow trout 340 mg/L
|
Skin–mild
Eye–irritation reversible
|
|
Isoproturon
|
1,800–2,400 mg/kg
|
Dog, 90 day and rat, 2 yr 3 mg/kg/day
|
Rat >3.2 g/kg
|
|
LC50 96 hr
Crucian carp 193 mg/L
Rainbow trout 240 mg/L
|
Skin–none
Eye–none
|
|
Isoxaflutole
|
>5,000 mg/kg
|
Dog, 1 yr 1,200 ppm
|
Rat >2,000 mg/kg
|
LC50 5 day
Bobwhite quail and Mallard duck >4,255 ppm
|
LC50 96 hr mg/L
Bluegill >4.5 mg/L
Rainbow trout >1.7 mg/L
|
Skin–minimal
Eye–minimal
|
|
Linuron
|
1,200–4,000 mg/kg
|
Dog, 2 yr 6.25 mg/kg/day (observed anemia)
|
Rabbit >5,000 mg/kg
|
LC50 5–8 day
Japanese quail >5,000 ppm
Mallard duck 3,083 ppm in diet
|
LC50 96 hr
Bluegill and Rainbow trout 16 mg/L
|
Skin–mild
Eye–moderate
|
|
Maleic hydrazide
|
>5,000 mg/kg (acid)
>6,950 mg/kg (Na+salt)
>3,900 mg/kg (K+salt)
|
Dog, 1 yr 25 mg/kg
|
Rabbit >20,000 mg/kg
|
LD50
Bobwhite quail and Mallard duck >10,000 mg/kg
|
LC50 96 hr
Bluegill 1,608 mg/L
Rainbow trout 1,435 mg/L
|
Skin–slight
Eye–severe
|
|
MCPA
|
700–1,160 mg/kg
|
Rat, 7 mo 100 mg/kg/day (lowers wt gain)
|
Rabbit 3,400–4,800 mg/kg
|
LD50
Bobwhite quail 377 mg/kg
|
LC50 96 hr
Bluegill and Rainbow trout 90 mg/L
|
Skin–slight
Eye–moderate
|
|
MCPB
|
4,700 mg/kg
|
Rat, 6 mo 1.6 mg/kg/day
|
Rat >2,000 mg/kg
|
LC50 8 day
Bobwhite quail and Mallard duck >5,000 ppm in diet
|
LC50 96 hr
Bluegill 14 mg/L
Rainbow trout 4.3 mg/L
|
Skin–moderate
Eye–moderate
|
|
Mecoprop
|
930–1,210 mg/kg
|
Rat, 90 day 3.8 mg/kg/day
Dog, 90 day 15 mg/kg/day
|
Rabbit 900 mg/kg
|
LC50
Bobwhite quail and Mallard duck 5,000–5,500 ppm in diet
|
LC50 96 hr
Bluegill >100 mg/L
Rainbow trout 124-mg/L
|
Skin–slight
Eye–intense
|
|
Mesotrione
|
>5,050 mg/kg
|
|
Rat >5,050 mg/kg
|
LD50
Bobwhite quail, >2,000 mg/kg
Mallard duck >5,200 mg/kg
|
LC50 96 hr
Bluegill and Rainbow trout >120 mg/L
|
Skin–slight
Eye–moderate
|
|
Metam (sodium and isothiocyanate)
|
1,800 mg/kg (M)
1,700 mg/kg (F)
97 mg/kg (isothiocyanate)
|
Rat, 65 day (inhalation, in inspired air) 6 hr/day for 5 day/wk at 0.045 mg/L
|
Rabbit 10,000 ppm mg/kg
|
LC50
Bobwhite quail, >10,000
Mallard duck >5,000 ppm in diet
|
LC50 96 hr
Bluegill 0.047 mg/L
Rainbow trout 0.029 mg/L
|
Skin–corrosive
Eye–corrosive
|
|
Methyl bromide
|
Acute LC50 (inhalation) 4.5 mg/L air
|
Safe threshold for humans 0.065 mg/L air
|
|
|
Acute toxicity
Bluegill 11 mg/L
|
Skin–severe
Eye–severe
|
|
Methyl isothiocyanate
|
82 mg/kg (M)
|
Dog, 2 yr 10 mg/L in drinking water
|
Rabbit 202 mg/kg (F)
145 mg/kg (M)
|
LC50 5 day
Mallard duck 10,936 mg/kg
|
LC50 96 hr
Bluegill 0.13 mg/L
Rainbow trout 0.37 mg/L
|
Skin–corrosive
Eye–severe
|
|
Metobromuron
|
2,450–2,500 mg/kg
|
Rat, 2 yr 250 mg/kg/day
Dog 100 mg/kg/day
|
Rabbit >2,000 mg/kg
|
LC50 8 day
Bobwhite quail >20,000 ppm
Mallard duck >4,640 ppm in diet
|
LC50 96 hr
Bluegill 4 mg/L
Rainbow trout 3 mg/L
|
Skin–moderate
Eye–moderate
|
|
Metolachlorc
|
800–2,780 mg/kg
|
Rat, 90 day 1,000 mg/kg
Dog, 90 day 500 mg/kg
|
Rabbit >5,000 mg/kg
Rat >10 g/kg
|
LC50 5 day
Bobwhite quail and Mallard duck >10,000 ppm in diet
|
LC50 96 hr
Bluegill 15 mg/L
Rainbow trout 3 mg/L
|
Skin–none
Eye–none
|
|
Metosulam
|
>5,000 mg/kg
|
Dog, 1 yr 10 mg/kg/day
|
Rabbit >2,000 mg/kg
|
|
|
Skin–none
Eye–slight
|
|
Metribuzin
|
1,090–2,300 mg/kg
|
Rat, 2 yr 5 mg/kg
Dog, 2 yr 2.5 mg/kg
|
Rat, rabbit >20,000 mg/kg
|
LC50
Bobwhite quail and Mallard duck >4,000 ppm in diet
|
LC50 96 hr
Bluegill 80 mg/L
Rainbow trout 64–76 mg/L
|
Skin–none
Eye–none
|
|
Napropamide
|
>5,000 mg/kg
|
Dog, 13 wk <100 mg/kg
|
Rabbit >4,640 mg/kg
|
LC50 5 day
Bobwhite quail >5,600 ppm
Mallard duck 7,200 ppm in diet
|
LC50 96 hr
Bluegill 20–30 mg/L
Rainbow trout 9–16 mg/L
|
Skin–none
Eye–none
|
|
Naptalam
|
>5,000 mg/kg
1,770 mg/kg (Na+ salt)
|
Rat, dog, 90 day 1,000 mg/kg (Na+ salt)
|
Rabbit >20,000 mg/kg
|
LC50 8 day
Bobwhite quail 5,600 ppm
Mallard duck >10,000 ppm in diet
|
LC50 96 hr
Bluegill 354 mg/L
Rainbow trout 76 mg/L
|
Skin–mild
Eye–moderate
|
|
Nicosulfuron
|
Mouse >5,000 mg/kg
|
Dog, 1 yr >5,000 ppm in diet (M)
|
Rat, rabbit >2,000 mg/kg
|
LC50
Bobwhite quail and Mallard duck >5,620 ppm in diet
|
LC50 96 hr
Bluegill and Rainbow trout >1,000 mg/L
|
Skin–none
Eye–moderate
|
|
Oxadiazon
|
>5,000 mg/kg
|
Rat, dog, 2 yr 100 mg/kg
|
Rabbit >2,000 mg/kg
|
LC50
Bobwhite quail and Mallard duck >5,620 ppm in diet
|
LC50 96 hr
Bluegill 12.5 mg/L
Rainbow trout 2 mg/L
|
Skin–moderate
Eye–mild
|
|
Oxyfluorfen
|
Rat, dog >5,000 mg/kg
|
Rat, 2 yr 2.0 mg/kg
Dog 2.5 mg/kg
|
Rabbit >5,000 mg/kg
|
LC50
Bobwhite quail >5,000
Mallard duck >4,000 ppm in diet
|
LC50 96 hr
Bluegill 0.2 mg/L
Rainbow trout 0.41 mg/L
|
Skin–none
Eye–moderate
|
|
Paraquat (dichloride)
|
150–283 mg/kg
|
Rat, 2 yr 1.25 mg/kg
Dog, 1 yr 0.45 mg/kg
|
Rat >2,000 mg/kg (finished product)
|
LC50 5 day
Bobwhite quail 981 ppm
Mallard duck 4,048 ppm in diet
|
LC50 96 hr
Rainbow trout 26 mg/L
|
Skin–slight
Eye–moderate
|
|
Pebulate
|
1,120 mg/kg
|
Rat, 2 yr 15 ppm in diet (eye lesions)
|
Rabbit 4,640 mg/kg
|
LC50
Bobwhite quail and Mallard duck >2,400 ppm in diet
|
LC50 96 hr
Bluegill and Rainbow trout 7.4 mg/L
|
Skin–slight
Eye–mild
|
|
Pendimethalin
|
1,050 to >5,000 mg/kg
|
Dog, 2 yr 12.5 mg/kg/day
|
Rabbit >5,000 mg/kg
|
LC50 8 day
Bobwhite quail 3,149 ppm
Mallard duck 10,900 ppm in diet
|
LC50 96 hr
Bluegill 0.199 mg/L
Rainbow trout 0.138 mg/L
|
Skin–none
Eye–mild
|
|
Phenmedipham
|
8,000 mg/kg
|
Dog, 2 yr >1,000 ppm in diet
|
Rat >2,000 mg/kg
Rabbit >10,000 mg/kg
|
LC50 4 day
Bobwhite quail >2,480 ppm in diet
|
LC50 96 hr Bluegill 760 mg/L
LC50 21 day Rainbow trout >210 mg/L
|
Skin–moderate
Eye–severe
|
|
Picloram
|
5,000–8,200 mg/kg
|
Rat, 2 yr 150 mg/kg/day
|
Rabbit >4,000 mg/kg
|
LD50 8 day
Bobwhite quail >2,500
Mallard duck >5,000 mg/kg
|
LC50 96 hr
Bluegill 14.5 mg/L
Rainbow trout 19.3 mg/L
|
Skin–mild
Eye–moderate
|
|
Prometryn
|
3,750–5,235 mg/kg
|
Dog, 90 day <200 ppm in diet
|
Rabbit >2,000 mg/kg
|
LC50 5–7 day
Bobwhite quail and Mallard duck >10,000 ppm in diet
|
LC50 96 hr
Bluegill 10 mg/kg
Rainbow trout 2.5–2.9 mg/L
|
Skin–none
Eye–slight
|
|
Propanil
|
1,080 to >2,500 mg/kg
|
Dog, 2 yr <85 ppm in diet
|
Rabbit >5,000 mg/kg
|
LC50 8 day
Bobwhite quail 2,861 ppm
Mallard duck 5,627 ppm in diet
|
LC50 96 hr
Bluegill 2.3 mg/L
Rainbow trout 4.6 mg/L
|
Skin–moderate
Eye–serious
|
|
Propoxycarbazone
|
>5,000 mg/kg
|
Dog, 1 yr
258 mg/kg (M)
55.7 mg/kg (F)
|
Rat >5,000 mg/kg
|
|
|
Skin–slight
Eye–minimal
|
|
Propyzamide
|
5,620–8,350 mg/kg
|
Dog, 2 yr >7.5 ppm in diet
|
Rabbit 3,160 mg/kg
|
LC50 8 day
Bobwhite quail and Mallard duck >10,000 ppm in diet
|
LC50 96 hr
Bluegill 100 mg/L
Rainbow trout 72 mg/L
|
Skin–slight
Eye–moderate
|
|
Pyrazon
|
3,030–3,600 mg/kg
|
Dog, 2 yr 1,500 ppm in diet
|
Rat >2,000 mg/kg
|
|
LC50
Bluegill 40 mg/L
|
Skin–slight
Eye–slight
|
|
Pyridate
|
1,285–1,412 mg/kg
|
Dog, 1 yr 30 mg/kg/day
|
Rabbit >2,000 mg/kg
|
LC50 8 day
Bobwhite quail >5,000 ppm in diet
|
LC50 96 hr
Rainbow trout >1.2 mg/L
|
Skin–none
Eye–slight
|
|
Pyrithiobac-sodium
|
4,000 mg/kg
|
Rat (longterm) 59 mg/kg
|
Rat >2,000 mg/kg
|
LC50
Bobwhite quail and Mallard duck >6,300 ppm
|
LC50 96 hr
Bluegill 5.8 mg/L
Rainbow trout 8.2 mg/L
|
Skin–mild
Eye–moderate
|
|
Quinclorac
|
3,060 mg/kg (M)
2,190 mg/kg (F)
|
Dog, 1 yr
142 mg/kg/day (M)
140 mg/kg/day (F)
|
Rat >2,000 mg/kg
|
LD50
Bobwhite quail and Mallard duck >5,000 mg/kg
|
LC50 96 hr
Bluegill and Rainbow trout >100 mg/L
|
Skin–irritating
Eye–moderate
|
|
Quizalofop-p-ethyl
|
1,210–1,670 mg/kg (M)
1,182–1,480 mg/kg (F)
|
Dog, 1 yr <10 mg/kg/day
|
Rat, mouse, rabbit >10,000 mg/kg
|
LC50 8 day
Bobwhite quail and Mallard duck >5,000 ppm in diet
|
LC50 96 hr
Bluegill 0.46–2.8 mg/L
Rainbow trout 10.7 mg/L
|
Skin–none
Eye–slight
|
|
Rimsulfuron
|
>5,000 mg/kg
|
Dog, 1 yr 50 ppm in diet
|
Rabbit >2,000 mg/kg
|
LC50 8 day
Bobwhite quail >5,620 ppm
Mallard duck >2,510 ppm in diet
|
LC50 96 hr
Bluegill 100 mg/L
Rainbow trout 32 mg/L
|
Skin–mild
Eye–mild
|
|
Sethoxydim
|
3,200 mg/kg (M)
2,676 mg/kg (F)
|
Dog, 1 yr
>8.86 mg/kg (M)
>9.41 mg/kg (F)
|
Rat, mouse >5,000 mg/kg
|
LC50 8 day
Bobwhite quail and Mallard duck >5,600 ppm in diet
|
LC50 96 hr
Bluegill and Rainbow trout >1,000 mg/L
|
Skin–none
Eye–moderate
|
|
Siduron
|
>7,500 mg/kg
|
Rat, 2 yr 500 ppm in diet
|
Rabbit >5,500 mg/kg
|
LC50
Bobwhite quail and Mallard duck >10,000 mg/kg
|
LC50
48 hr Crucian carp 18 mg/L
|
Skin–slight
Eye–slight
|
|
Simazine
|
>5,000 mg/kg
|
Rat, 2 yr >5 mg/kg/day
|
Rabbit >10,200 mg/kg
|
LC50 8 day
Bobwhite quail >5,260 ppm
Mallard duck 10,000 ppm in diet
|
LC50 96 hr
Bluegill and Rainbow trout >100 mg/L
|
Skin–none
Eye–none
|
|
Sodium chlorate
|
1,200–7,000 mg/kg
|
|
Rabbit 500 mg/kg
|
|
LC50 48 hr
Fish 10,000 mg/L
|
Skin–moderate
Eye–moderate
|
|
Sulfentrazone
|
2,416–3,297 mg/kg
|
Rat, 10 mg/kg/day oral developmental studies
|
Rat >5,000 mg/kg
|
LD50
Bobwhite quail and Mallard duck >5,620 ppm
|
LC50 96 hr
Bluegill 93.8 mg/L
Rainbow trout >130 mg/L
|
Skin–mild
Eye–moderate
|
|
Sulfosulfuron
|
>5,000 mg/kg
|
Mouse, 90 days 7,000 mg/kg of diet
|
Rat >5,000 mg/kg
|
LD50
Bobwhite quail and Mallard duck 5,620 ppm
|
LC50 96 hr
Rainbow trout >97 mg/L
|
Skin–slight
Eye–slight
|
|
Tebuthiuron
|
644 mg/kg
|
Dog, 1 yr >25 mg/kg/day
|
Rabbits >200 mg/kg
|
LD50
Bobwhite quail and Mallard duck >2,500 mg/kg
|
LC50 96 hr
Bluegill 112 mg/L
Rainbow trout 144 mg/L
|
Skin–slight
Eye–slight
|
|
Thiazopyr
|
>5,000 mg/kg
|
Dog, 1 yr 0.8 mg/kg/day
|
Rat >5,000 mg/kg
|
LD50
Bobwhite quail and Mallard duck 5,328 mg/kg
|
LC50
Bluegill and Rainbow trout 3.5 mg/L
|
Skin–slight
Eye–slight
|
|
Thifensulfur-on-methyl
|
>5,000 mg/kg
|
Rat, 2 yr 25 ppm in diet
|
Rabbit >2,000 mg/kg
|
LC50 8 day
Bobwhite quail and Mallard duck >5,620 mg/kg
|
LC50 96 hr
Bluegill and Rainbow trout 100 mg/L
|
Skin–none
Eye–moderate
|
|
Tralkoxydim
|
1,258 mg/kg (M)
934 mg/kg (F)
|
Rat (teratogen) 30 mg/kg
|
Rat >2,000 mg/kg
|
LD50
Mallard duck >3,020 mg/kg
|
LC50 96 hr
Bluegill >6.1 mg/L
Rainbow trout >7.2 mg/L
|
Skin–mild
Eye–mild
|
|
Triallate
|
800–2,165 mg/kg
|
Dog, 2 yr 15 mg/kg/day (highest tested)
|
Rabbit 8,200 mg/kg
|
LC50 8 day
Bobwhite quail and Mallard duck >5,000 mg/kg
|
LC50 96 hr
Bluegill 1.3 mg/L
Rainbow trout 1.2 mg/L
|
Skin–moderate
Eye–slight
|
|
Triasulfuron
|
>5,000 mg/kg
|
Dog, 1 yr 129 mg/kg/day
|
Rat >2,000 mg/kg
|
LC50 8 day
Bobwhite quail and Mallard duck >5,000 ppm
|
LC50 96 hr
Bluegill and Rainbow trout >100 ppm
|
Skin–none
Eye–none
|
|
Tribenuron-methyl
|
>5,000 mg/kg
|
Dog, 1 yr 875 ppm in diet
|
Rabbit >2,000 mg/kg
|
LC50
Bobwhite quail and Mallard duck >5,620 ppm
|
LC50 96 hr
Bluegill 760 mg/L
Rainbow trout 730 mg/L
|
Skin–none
Eye–mild to moderate
|
|
Trichloracetic acid
|
3,200–5,000 mg/kg
|
|
Rat >2,000 mg/kg
|
LD50
Chicken 4,280 mg/kg
|
Not toxic to fish
|
Skin–severe
Eye–severe
|
|
Triclopyr
|
630–729 mg/kg
|
Rat, 2 yr 3.0 mg/kg/day
|
Rabbit >2,000 mg/kg
|
LC50 8 day
Bobwhite quail 2,935 ppm
Mallard duck >5,401 ppm in diet
|
LC50 96 hr
Bluegill 148 mg/L
Rainbow trout 117 mg/L
|
Skin–none
Eye–slight
|
|
Trifluralin
|
>5,000 mg/kg
|
Dog, 2 yr 18.75 mg/kg/day
|
Rabbit >2,000 mg/kg
|
LC50 8 day
Bobwhite quail and Mallard duck >5,000 ppm in diet
|
LC50 96 hr
Bluegill 0.05–0.07 mg/L
Rainbow trout 0.02–0.06 mg/L
|
Skin–none
Eye–moderate
|
|
Vernolate
|
1,200–1,900 mg/kg
|
Dog, 90 day >38 mg/kg/day
|
Rabbit >1,955 mg/kg
|
LC50 7 day
Bobwhite quail 12,000 ppm in diet
|
LC50 96 hr
Bluegill 8.4 mg/L
Rainbow trout 9.6 mg/L
|
Skin–none
Eye–none
|
|
a No observable adverse effect level, daily dosage or ppm concentration in the diet
|
|
b No observable adverse effect concentration
|
|
c Liquid
|
|
d Obsolete or no active registration
|
|
e Technical grade chemical
|
|
|
Table 2
|
| PrintOpen table in new window |
| | |
| Oral Toxic Doses (TD) and Lethal Doses (LD) of Herbicides in Domestic Species |
|
Compound
|
TD/LD
|
Species
|
Dose (mg/kg)
|
|
Phenoxy acid derivatives
|
|
|
|
Phenoxy acid and its sodium salt
|
LD50
|
Chickens
|
547
|
|
|
|
Dogs
|
100–800
|
|
|
LD
|
Pigs
|
500
|
|
|
|
Hens
|
380–765
|
|
|
TD
|
Pigs
|
100
|
|
|
|
Calves
|
200
|
|
|
TD
|
Cattle
|
250 for 3 days
|
|
|
|
Sheep
|
250 for 2 days
|
|
|
TD
|
Cattle
|
250 for 10 days
|
|
|
|
Sheep
|
250 for 10 days
|
|
|
|
|
500 for 7 days
|
|
Bipyridyl compounds or quaternary ammonium
|
|
|
|
|
|
LD50
|
Dogs
|
25–50
|
|
|
|
Cats
|
35
|
|
|
|
Monkeys
|
50–70
|
|
|
|
Cattle
|
35–50
|
|
|
|
Chickens
|
110–360
|
|
|
LD
|
Sheep
|
8–10
|
|
|
|
Pigs
|
75
|
|
|
LD50
|
Dogs
|
100–200
|
|
|
|
Cats
|
35–50
|
|
|
|
Cattle
|
20–40
|
|
|
|
Chickens
|
200–400
|
|
Ureas and thioureas
|
|
|
|
|
|
TD
|
Cattle
|
100 for 10 days
|
|
|
|
Sheep
|
250 or 100 for 2 days
|
|
|
|
Chickens
|
50 for 10 days
|
|
Linuron
|
TD
|
Dogs
|
100–200
|
|
|
|
Cats
|
35–50
|
|
|
|
Cattle
|
20–40
|
|
|
|
Chickens
|
200–400
|
|
Tebuthiuron
|
LD50
|
Cats
|
>200
|
|
|
TD
|
|
200
|
|
|
LD50
|
Dogs
|
>500
|
|
|
TD
|
|
50/day for 3 moa
|
|
|
|
Chickens, quail, or ducks
|
No deaths were reported at a dosage of 500 mg/kg body wt of tebuthiuron.
|
|
Protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitors
|
|
|
|
|
|
LD50
|
Cats
|
>500
|
|
Anilide, acetamides or amide compounds
|
|
|
|
|
|
LD50
|
Dogs
|
1,217
|
|
|
LD50
|
Dogs
|
>10,000
|
|
Dinitrophenolic compounds
|
|
|
|
|
|
LD50
|
Hens
|
26
|
|
|
|
Dogs
|
50
|
|
|
|
Pigs
|
50
|
|
|
|
Goats
|
100
|
|
|
TD
|
Cattle
|
2–50
|
|
|
|
Sheep
|
20–50
|
|
|
LD
|
Sheep
|
25 for 5 days
|
|
|
LD50
|
Hens
|
26
|
|
|
TD
|
Cattle
|
25 for 8 days
|
|
|
|
Sheep
|
25 for 10 days
|
|
Dinitroaniline
|
|
|
|
|
|
LD50
|
Dogs
|
>2,000
|
|
Bromacil
|
|
|
|
|
|
TD
|
Cattle
|
250
|
|
|
|
Chickens
|
500 for 10 days
|
|
|
|
Sheep
|
50 for 10 days or 250 for 8 days
|
|
Carbamates and thiocarbamate compounds
|
|
|
|
|
|
LD50
|
Rabbits
|
>2,000
|
|
|
|
Chickens
|
>2,000
|
|
|
|
Dogs
|
>5,000
|
|
|
LD50
|
Dogs
|
510
|
|
|
TD
|
Chickens
|
150 for 10 days or 250 for 7 days
|
|
|
|
Cattle
|
25 for 5 days or 50 for 3 days
|
|
|
|
Sheep
|
25 for 5 days or 50 for 3 days
|
|
|
LD50
|
Dogs
|
>4,000
|
|
|
LD50
|
Chickens
|
>3,000
|
|
Picrolinic acid derivative
|
|
|
|
|
|
LD50
|
Cattle
|
>750
|
|
|
|
Sheep
|
>1,000
|
|
a Anorexia and weight loss reported. No deaths were reported in dogs, at a dosage of 500 mg/kg body wt of tebuthiuron.
|
|
|
Table 3
|
| PrintOpen table in new window |
| | |
| Herbicides with Potential to Cause Developmental Toxicity in Experimental Animals |
|
Compound
|
Effects
|
|
Atrizine
|
Disruption of ovarian cycle and induced repetitive pseudopregnancy (rats, at high doses)
|
|
Buturon
|
Cleft palate, increased fetal mortality (mice)
|
|
Butiphos
|
Teratogenic (rabbit)
|
|
Chloridazon
|
Malformations
|
|
Chlorpropham
|
Malformations or other developmental toxicity (mice)
|
|
Cynazine
|
Malformations such as cyclopia and diaphragmatic hernia (rabbits); skeletal variations in rats
|
|
2,4-Da; 2,4,5-Ta alone or in combination
|
Malformations such as cleft palate, hydronephrosis teratogenic (mice, rats)
|
|
Dichlorprop
|
Teratogenic (mice); affect postnatal behavior (rats)
|
|
Dinosebb
|
Multiple defects (mice, rabbits)
|
|
Dinoterb
|
Skeletal malformations (rats); skeletal, jaw, head, and visceral (rabbits)
|
|
Linuron
|
Malformations (rats)
|
|
Mecoprop
|
Malformations (mice only)
|
|
Monolinuron
|
Cleft palate (mice)
|
|
MCPAc
|
Teratogenic and embryotoxic (rats), teratogenic (mice)
|
|
Prometryn
|
Head, limbs, and tail defects (rat)
|
|
Propachlor
|
Slightly teratogenic (rats)
|
|
Nitrofenb
|
Malformations (mice, rats, hamsters)
|
|
Silvex
|
Teratogenic (mice)
|
|
TCDDa
|
Malformations/teratogenic (fetotoxicity in chicken, rats, mice, rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters, and monkeys)
|
|
Tridiphane
|
Malformations such as cleft palate (mice); skeletal variations (rats)
|
|
a TCDD is a common contaminant during manufacturing process of some herbicides such as 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T.
|
|
b Obsolete
|
|
c 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid
|
|
Last full review/revision March 2012 by P. K. Gupta, BVSc, MSc, VM &AH (Gold Medalist), PhD, Post Doc, PGDCA, FNA, VS, FASc, AW, FST, FAEB, FACVT
| |
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