Breath-holding spells usually are triggered by physically painful or emotionally upsetting events.
Typical symptoms include paleness, stoppage of breathing, loss of consciousness, and seizures.
Despite the dramatic nature of the symptoms, the spells are not dangerous.
Tantrums, often a component of breath-holding spells, may be prevented by distracting the child and avoiding situations known to trigger the spells.
Breath-holding spells occur in less than 1% to about 5% of otherwise healthy children. They usually begin in the first year of life and peak at age 2. They disappear by age 4 in 50% of children and by age 8 in about 83% of children. A small percentage of these children may continue to have spells into adulthood.
Breath-holding spells can take one of two forms:
Cyanotic (blue)
Pallid (pale)
Both the cyanotic and pallid forms are involuntary, which means that children are not intentionally holding their breath and have no control over the spells. Involuntary breath-holding spells are easily distinguished from uncommon, brief episodes of voluntary breath-holding by some children. Children who voluntarily hold their breath do not lose consciousness and go back to breathing normally after they get what they want or after becoming uncomfortable when they do not get what they want.
(See also Overview of Behavioral Problems in Children Overview of Behavioral Problems in Children Children acquire many skills as they grow. Some skills, such as controlling urine and stool, depend mainly on the level of maturity of the child's nerves and brain. Others, such as behaving... read more .)
Cyanotic Breath-Holding Spells
The cyanotic form of breath-holding is the most common. It is initiated subconsciously by young children often as a component of a temper tantrum Temper Tantrums Temper tantrums are violent emotional outbursts, usually in response to frustration. Frustration, tiredness, and hunger are the most common causes. Children may scream, cry, thrash, roll on... read more or in response to a scolding or other upsetting event. Episodes peak at about age 2 and are rare after age 5.
Typically, the child cries out (without necessarily being aware they are doing so), breathes out, and then stops breathing. Shortly afterward, the skin begins to turn blue ("cyanotic" means "blue"), and the child becomes unconscious. A brief seizure Seizures in Children Seizures are a periodic disturbance of the brain’s electrical activity, resulting in some degree of temporary brain dysfunction. When older infants or young children have seizures, they often... read more may occur. After a few seconds, breathing resumes and normal skin color and consciousness return. It may be possible to interrupt the episode by placing a cold rag on the child's face when the spell begins.
Despite the frightening nature of the episode, children do not have any dangerous or long-term effects. Parents must try to avoid reinforcing the initiating behavior. At the same time, parents should not avoid providing appropriate structure for children out of fear of causing spells. Distracting children and avoiding situations that lead to tantrums are the best ways of preventing and treating these spells.
A doctor may recommend iron supplements for a child who has cyanotic breath-holding spells, even when the child does not have iron-deficiency anemia, and treatment for obstructive sleep apnea Obstructive sleep apnea Sleep apnea is a serious disorder in which breathing repeatedly stops long enough to disrupt sleep and often temporarily decrease the amount of oxygen and increase the amount of carbon dioxide... read more 
(if the child has it).
Pallid Breath-Holding Spells
The pallid form typically occurs after a painful experience, such as falling and banging the head or being suddenly startled.
The brain sends out a signal (via the vagus nerve) that severely slows the heart rate, causing loss of consciousness. Thus, in this form, the temporary loss of consciousness and temporary stoppage of breathing result from a nerve response to being startled that leads to slowing of the heart.
During a pallid breath-holding spell, the child stops breathing, rapidly loses consciousness, and becomes pale and limp. A seizure Seizures in Children Seizures are a periodic disturbance of the brain’s electrical activity, resulting in some degree of temporary brain dysfunction. When older infants or young children have seizures, they often... read more and loss of bladder control (urinary incontinence Urinary Incontinence in Children Urinary incontinence is defined as the involuntary release of urine occurring two or more times per month after toilet training has been completed. Incontinence may be present During the day... read more ) may occur. The child's heart typically beats very slowly during a spell.
After the spell, the heart speeds up again, breathing restarts, and consciousness returns without any treatment.
Because this form causes symptoms similar to those of certain heart and brain disorders, doctors may need to do a diagnostic evaluation to rule out those disorders if the spells occur often.
