honeypot link
skip to main content
MSDMERCK MANUALConsumer Version
HEALTH TOPICSHEALTHY LIVINGSYMPTOMSEMERGENCIESDRUG INFORESOURCESCOMMENTARYABOUT US
homeHEALTH TOPICSHEALTHY LIVING
Search icon
  1. Home/
  2. Fundamentals/
  3. Genetics/
    Genetics
    • Genes and Chromosomes
      • Genes
        • DNA
        • Synthesizing proteins
        • Coding
        • Transcription and translation
        • Control of gene expression
        • Replication
        • Mutation
      • Chromosomes
        • Pairing
        • Sex chromosomes
        • Chromosome abnormalities
        • Mitochondrial chromosomes
      • Traits
      • Genetic Disorders
    • Inheritance of Single-Gene Disorders
      • Penetrance and expressivity
      • Inheritance Patterns
        • Non–X-Linked (Autosomal) Inheritance
        • X-Linked Inheritance
        • Sex-Limited Inheritance
        • Abnormal Mitochondrial Genes
    • Genetic Diagnostic Technologies
      • Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
      • Gene probes
      • DNA microarrays (DNA chips)
      • Array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH)
      • Next-generation sequencing technologies
    • Uses of Genetics in Health Care
      • Understanding disorders
      • Diagnosing disorders
      • Preconception or prenatal genetic testing
      • Responding to medications
      • Treating diseases
    • Gene Therapy
      • Viral transfection
      • Liposomes
      • Antisense technology
      • Chemical modification
      • Transplantation therapy
      • CRISPR-CAS9
    • Ethical Controversies in Genetics
      • Cloning
      • Gene Editing
    MSD
    • About
    • Disclaimer
    • Permissions
    • Privacy
    • Cookie Preferences
    • Terms of use
    • Partnerships
    • Contact Us
    • Veterinary Manual
    • Global Medical Knowledge
    • Mobile App
    MSD

    Copyright© 2025Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA and its affiliates. All rights reserved.