(See also Overview of Sports Injuries Overview of Sports Injuries Sports injuries are common among athletes and other people who participate in sports. Certain injuries that are traditionally considered sports injuries can also occur in people who do not participate... read more 
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The piriformis muscle extends from the pelvic surface of the large triangular bone at the base of the spine (sacrum, or tailbone) to the bony bump (trochanter) at the upper end of the thighbone (femur). During running or sitting, this muscle can compress the sciatic nerve at the site where it emerges from under the piriformis to pass over the hip rotator muscles. Piriformis syndrome is uncommon.
Symptoms of Piriformis Syndrome
A chronic nagging ache, pain, tingling, or numbness starts in the buttocks and can extend down the entire back of the thigh and calf, and sometimes into the foot. Pain worsens when the piriformis is pressed against the sciatic nerve (for example, while sitting on a toilet, a car seat, or a narrow bicycle seat or while running).
Diagnosis of Piriformis Syndrome
A doctor's evaluation
Doctors diagnose piriformis syndrome on the basis of the person's symptoms and the results of a physical examination. Doctors may move the leg or ask the person to bend because piriformis syndrome is diagnosed when specific movements cause pain.
Treatment of Piriformis Syndrome
Rest
Rehabilitation
People should temporarily stop doing any activity that causes pain. If pain is aggravated by sitting, people should stand or, if unable to do so, change positions to remove the source of pressure around the buttock. Specific stretching exercises for the posterior hip and piriformis can be helpful. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or other analgesics are used to relieve pain. Sometimes doctors inject a corticosteroid near the site where the piriformis muscle crosses the sciatic nerve to provide temporary pain relief. Surgery is rarely needed.
1. Lie on involved side.
2. Keep shoulders and hips in line with ankles slightly behind the body with the knees bent approximately 90°.
3. Keep feet together while lifting top knee up toward the ceiling.
4. Lower and repeat.
5. Repeat exercise lying on the uninvolved side.
6. Do 3 sets of 10 repetitions, 3 times a day.
7. Special instructions
a. For added resistance, place a band around the knees, start with the least resistance.
Courtesy of Tomah Memorial Hospital, Department of Physical Therapy, Tomah, WI; Elizabeth C.K. Bender, MSPT, ATC, CSCS; and Whitney Gnewikow, DPT, ATC.
1. Lie on back with both knees bent and feet on floor/table.
2. Perform abdominal and gluteus maximus contraction and lift buttocks off floor.
3. Keep legs in neutral position (keeping the hips, knees, and toes aligned and shoulder width apart).
4. Return to start position.
5. Do 3 sets of 10 repetitions, 1 time a day.
6. Special instructions
a. Maintain neutral spine.
b. For added resistance, place an elastic band just above the knees. Start with least resistance band.
Courtesy of Tomah Memorial Hospital, Department of Physical Therapy, Tomah, WI; Elizabeth C.K. Bender, MSPT, ATC, CSCS; and Whitney Gnewikow, DPT, ATC.
