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Fluid from the sac surrounding the fetus
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Analysis of fluid, removed by a needle inserted through the abdominal wall, to detect an abnormality in the fetus
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Arteriography (angiography)
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Any artery in the body, commonly in the brain, heart, kidneys, aorta, or legs
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X-ray study using radiopaque dye injected through a thin tube (catheter), which is threaded to the artery being studied, to detect and outline or highlight a blockage or defect in an artery
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Assessment of the ability to hear and distinguish sounds at specific pitches and volumes using headphones
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Listening with a stethoscope for abnormal heart sounds
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Esophagus, stomach, intestine, or rectum
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X-ray study to detect ulcers, tumors, or other abnormalities
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Removal and examination of a tissue sample under a microscope to check for cancer or another abnormality
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Blood pressure measurement
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Test for high or low blood pressure, usually using an inflatable cuff wrapped around the arm
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Usually a blood sample from an arm
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Measurement of substances in the blood to evaluate organ function and to help diagnose and monitor various disorders
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Removal of a bone marrow sample by a needle for examination under a microscope to check for abnormalities in blood cells
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Direct examination with a viewing tube to check for a tumor or other abnormality
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Study of heart function and structure using a catheter inserted into a blood vessel and threaded to the heart
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Chorionic villus sampling
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Removal of a sample for examination under a microscope to check for abnormalities in the fetus
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Examination under a microscope to detect a genetic disorder or to determine a fetus’s sex
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Direct examination with a viewing tube to check for a tumor or other abnormality
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Direct examination of the cervix with a magnifying lens
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Computer-enhanced x-ray study to detect structural abnormalities
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Removal and examination of a cone-shaped piece of tissue, usually using a heated wire loop or a laser
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A sample from any area of the body (usually a fluid such as blood or urine)
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Growth and examination of microorganisms from the sample to identify infection with bacteria or fungi
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Dilation and curettage (D and C)
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Examination of a sample under a microscope to check for abnormalities in the uterine lining using a small, sharp instrument (curet).
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Dual x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)
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Skeleton, focusing on specific regions, usually the hip, spine, and wrist
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Low-dose x-ray study to determine the thickness of bones
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Study of heart structure and function using sound waves
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Electrocardiography (ECG)
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Study of the heart’s electrical activity using electrodes attached to the arms, legs, and chest
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Electroencephalography (EEG)
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Study of the brain’s electrical function using electrodes attached to the scalp
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Recording of a muscle’s electrical activity using small needles inserted into the muscle
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Electrophysiologic testing
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Test to evaluate rhythm or electrical conduction abnormalities using a catheter inserted into a blood vessel and threaded to the heart
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Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)
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X-ray study of the biliary tract done after injection of a radiopaque dye and using a flexible viewing tube
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Direct examination of internal structures using a flexible viewing tube
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Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
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Test that involves mixing the sample of blood with substances that can trigger allergies (allergens) or with microorganisms to test for the presence of specific antibodies
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Digestive tract, heart, or lungs
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A continuous x-ray study that enables a doctor to see the inside of an organ as it functions
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Direct examination of the inside of the uterus with a flexible viewing tube
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Kidneys and urinary tract
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X-ray study of the kidneys and urinary tract after a radiopaque dye is injected into a vein (intravenously)
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Joints, especially those of the shoulders, elbows, fingers, hips, knees, ankles, and toes
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Removal and examination of fluid from the space within joints to check for blood cells, crystals formed from minerals, and microorganisms
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Direct examination using a viewing tube inserted through an incision in the abdomen to diagnose and treat abnormalities in the abdomen
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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Imaging test using a strong magnetic field and radio waves to check for structural abnormalities
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X-ray study to check for breast cancer
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Direct examination of the area of the chest between the lungs using a viewing tube inserted through a small incision just above the breastbone
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Simple or computer-enhanced x-ray study of the spinal column after injection of a radiopaque dye
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Test to determine how fast a nerve impulse travels using electrodes or needles inserted along the path of the nerve
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Test to detect blood in stool
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Direct examination using a handheld device that shines light into the eye to detect abnormalities inside the eye
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Examination of cells scraped from the cervix under a microscope to detect cancer
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Insertion of a needle into the abdominal cavity to remove fluid for examination
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Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography
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X-ray study of the liver and biliary tract after a radiopaque dye is injected into the liver
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Positron emission tomography (PET)
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Imaging test using particles that release radiation (positrons) to detect abnormalities in function
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Tests to measure the lungs’ capacity to hold air, to move air in and out of the body, and to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide as people blow into a measuring device
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Imaging test using particles that release radiation (radionuclides) to detect abnormalities in blood flow, structure, or function
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Tests using a physical stimulus (such as a light tap) to detect abnormalities in nerve function
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X-ray study of the bladder and ureters after a radiopaque dye is inserted into the ureter
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Rectum and last portion of the large intestine
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Direct examination using a viewing tube to detect tumors or other abnormalities
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Usually an arm or the back
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Tests for allergies done by placing a solution containing a possible allergen on the skin, then pricking the skin with a needle
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Spinal tap (lumbar puncture)
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Removal of spinal fluid, using a needle inserted into the hipbone, to check for abnormalities in spinal fluid
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Test of lung function that involves blowing into a measuring device
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Test of heart function during exertion using a treadmill or other exercise machine and electrocardiography (if people cannot exercise, a drug is used to simulate exercise’s effects)
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The space between the pleura, a two-layered membrane that covers the lungs and lines the chest wall (pleural space)
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Removal of fluid from this space with a needle to detect abnormalities
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Examination of the lung surfaces, pleura, and pleural space through a viewing tube
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Measurement of the resistance to pressure (impedance) in the middle ear using a device inserted in the ear and sound waves to help determine the cause of hearing loss
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Ultrasonography (ultrasound scanning)
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Imaging using sound waves to detect structural or functional abnormalities
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Kidneys and urinary tract
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Chemical analysis of a urine sample to detect protein, sugar, ketones, and blood cells
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X-ray study using a radiopaque dye (similar to arteriography) to detect blockage of a vein
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