[{"Title":"Graft rejection and graft-vs-host disease","UniqueID":"v27885137","Index":1.0,"Summary":"

All allograft recipients are at risk of graft rejection; the recipient’s immune system recognizes the graft as foreign and seeks to destroy it. Recipients of grafts containing immune cells (particularly bone marrow, intestine, and liver) are at risk of graft-vs-host disease, in which the donor immune cells attack recipient tissue. Risk of these complications is minimized by pretransplantation screening and immunosuppressive therapy during and after transplantation.

","HeadType":"G_Head","SchemeItemProp":"","Children":[]},{"Title":"Organ allocation","UniqueID":"v996369","Index":2.0,"Summary":"

In the US, an organ allocation system has been implemented for livers and other organs. Under this system, transplant candidates receive an organ based on medical urgency and the distance between the donor hospital and transplant hospitals. This system replaces the previous system that was based primarily on the geographic boundaries of donation service areas and transplant regions. Now, livers and other organs from all adult deceased donors are offered first to compatible transplant candidates who have the most urgent need (Status 1A and 1B) and are listed at transplant hospitals within 500 nautical miles of the donor hospital. After offers are made to the most urgent candidates, organs are offered to candidates at hospitals within distances of 150, 250, and 500 nautical miles of the donor hospital. In kidney allocation, wait time remains a challenge, and, for all organs, pediatric organs are primarily allocated to pediatric candidates first.

","HeadType":"G_Head","SchemeItemProp":"","Children":[]},{"Title":"Pretransplantation Screening","UniqueID":"v996373","Index":3.0,"Summary":"

Before the risk and expense of transplantation are undertaken and scarce donor organs are committed, medical teams screen potential recipients for medical and nonmedical factors that may affect the likelihood of success. Donors undergo medical screening, psychological screening, and laboratory studies, including tests to evaluate risk of infection.

","HeadType":"F_Head","SchemeItemProp":"itemprop=\"associatedAnatomy\" itemscope itemtype=\"http://schema.org/AnatomicalStructure\"","Children":[{"Title":"Tissue compatibility","UniqueID":"v996378","Index":1.0,"Summary":"

","HeadType":"G_Head","SchemeItemProp":"itemprop=\"associatedAnatomy\" itemscope itemtype=\"http://schema.org/AnatomicalStructure\"","Children":[]},{"Title":"Infection","UniqueID":"v996385","Index":2.0,"Summary":"

","HeadType":"G_Head","SchemeItemProp":"itemprop=\"associatedAnatomy\" itemscope itemtype=\"http://schema.org/AnatomicalStructure\"","Children":[]},{"Title":"Recipient contraindications to transplantation","UniqueID":"v996389","Index":3.0,"Summary":"

","HeadType":"G_Head","SchemeItemProp":"itemprop=\"associatedAnatomy\" itemscope itemtype=\"http://schema.org/AnatomicalStructure\"","Children":[]}]},{"Title":"Posttransplantation Immunosuppression","UniqueID":"v996396","Index":4.0,"Summary":"

Immunosuppressants control graft rejection and are primarily responsible for the success of transplantation (see table Immunosuppressants Used to Treat Transplant Rejection ). However, they suppress all immune responses and contribute to many posttransplantation complications, including development of cancer, acceleration of cardiovascular disease, and even death due to overwhelming infection.

","HeadType":"F_Head","SchemeItemProp":"itemprop=\"associatedAnatomy\" itemscope itemtype=\"http://schema.org/AnatomicalStructure\"","Children":[{"Title":"Corticosteroids","UniqueID":"v996401","Index":1.0,"Summary":"

","HeadType":"G_Head","SchemeItemProp":"itemprop=\"associatedAnatomy\" itemscope itemtype=\"http://schema.org/AnatomicalStructure\"","Children":[]},{"Title":"Calcineurin inhibitors","UniqueID":"v996404","Index":2.0,"Summary":"

","HeadType":"G_Head","SchemeItemProp":"itemprop=\"associatedAnatomy\" itemscope itemtype=\"http://schema.org/AnatomicalStructure\"","Children":[]},{"Title":"Purine metabolism inhibitors","UniqueID":"v996417","Index":3.0,"Summary":"

","HeadType":"G_Head","SchemeItemProp":"itemprop=\"associatedAnatomy\" itemscope itemtype=\"http://schema.org/AnatomicalStructure\"","Children":[]},{"Title":"Rapamycins","UniqueID":"v996426","Index":4.0,"Summary":"

","HeadType":"G_Head","SchemeItemProp":"itemprop=\"associatedAnatomy\" itemscope itemtype=\"http://schema.org/AnatomicalStructure\"","Children":[]},{"Title":"Immunosuppressive immunoglobulins","UniqueID":"v996434","Index":5.0,"Summary":"

","HeadType":"G_Head","SchemeItemProp":"itemprop=\"associatedAnatomy\" itemscope itemtype=\"http://schema.org/AnatomicalStructure\"","Children":[]},{"Title":"Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs)","UniqueID":"v996439","Index":6.0,"Summary":"

","HeadType":"G_Head","SchemeItemProp":"itemprop=\"associatedAnatomy\" itemscope itemtype=\"http://schema.org/AnatomicalStructure\"","Children":[]},{"Title":"Other drugs","UniqueID":"v39369480","Index":7.0,"Summary":"

","HeadType":"G_Head","SchemeItemProp":"itemprop=\"associatedAnatomy\" itemscope itemtype=\"http://schema.org/AnatomicalStructure\"","Children":[]},{"Title":"Irradiation","UniqueID":"v996447","Index":8.0,"Summary":"

","HeadType":"G_Head","SchemeItemProp":"itemprop=\"associatedAnatomy\" itemscope itemtype=\"http://schema.org/AnatomicalStructure\"","Children":[]},{"Title":"Future therapies","UniqueID":"v996451","Index":9.0,"Summary":"

","HeadType":"G_Head","SchemeItemProp":"itemprop=\"associatedAnatomy\" itemscope itemtype=\"http://schema.org/AnatomicalStructure\"","Children":[]}]},{"Title":"Posttransplantation Complications","UniqueID":"v996461","Index":5.0,"Summary":"