Small-bowel transplantation is done infrequently (eg, about 81 transplants in the US in 2019). It is being done less frequently because there are new treatments for secondary cholestatic liver disease (eg, Omegaven®, nutritional supplements rich in omega fatty acids) and safer total parenteral nutrition line placement techniques.
Small-bowel transplantation is indicated for patients who
Are at risk of death because of intestinal failure secondary to intestinal disorders (eg, gastroschisis, Hirschsprung disease, autoimmune enteritis, congenital enteropathies such as microvillus inclusion disease) or intestinal resection (eg, for mesenteric thromboembolism or extensive Crohn disease)
Develop complications of total parenteral nutrition used to treat intestinal failure (eg, liver failure secondary to cholestatic liver disease, recurrent sepsis, total loss of venous access)
Have locally invasive tumors that cause obstruction, abscesses, fistulas, ischemia, or hemorrhage (usually desmoid tumors associated with familial polyposis)
(See also Overview of Transplantation Overview of Transplantation Transplants may be The patient’s own tissue (autografts; eg, bone, bone marrow, and skin grafts) Genetically identical (syngeneic [between monozygotic twins]) donor tissue (isografts) Genetically... read more .)
Procedure
Procurement from a brain-dead, beating-heart donor is complex, partly because the small bowel can be transplanted alone, with a liver, or with a stomach, liver, duodenum, and pancreas. The role of living-related donation for small-bowel allografts has yet to be defined.
Procedures vary by medical center; immunosuppressive regimens also vary, but a typical regimen includes antilymphocyte globulin for induction, followed by high-dose tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil for maintenance.
Complications of Small-Bowel Transplantation
(See also Posttransplantation Complications Posttransplantation Complications Transplants may be The patient’s own tissue (autografts; eg, bone, bone marrow, and skin grafts) Genetically identical (syngeneic [between monozygotic twins]) donor tissue (isografts) Genetically... read more .)
Rejection
Weekly endoscopy is indicated to check for rejection Rejection Transplants may be The patient’s own tissue (autografts; eg, bone, bone marrow, and skin grafts) Genetically identical (syngeneic [between monozygotic twins]) donor tissue (isografts) Genetically... read more . About 30 to 50% of recipients have one or more bouts of rejection within the first year after transplantation.
Symptoms and signs of rejection include diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramping. Endoscopic findings include mucosal erythema, friability, ulceration, and exfoliation; changes are distributed unevenly, may be difficult to detect, and can be differentiated from cytomegalovirus enteritis by viral inclusion bodies. Biopsy findings include blunted villi and inflammatory infiltrates in the lamina propria (see table Manifestations of Small-Bowel Transplant Rejection by Category Manifestations of Small-Bowel Transplant Rejection by Category 
).
Treatment of acute rejection is high-dose corticosteroids, antithymocyte globulin, or both.
Other complications
Surgical complications affect 50% of patients and include anastomotic leaks, biliary leaks and strictures, hepatic artery thrombosis, and chylous ascites.
Nonsurgical complications include the following:
Graft ischemia
Graft-vs-host disease caused by transplantation of gut-associated lymphoid tissue
Later development of lymphoproliferative disease
Increased risk of infection
Prognosis for Small-Bowel Transplantation
At 3 years, survival rates after small-bowel transplantation alone are
Patients: 65%
Grafts: > 50%
Infections commonly contribute to death.
With liver and small-bowel transplantation, survival rates are lower because the procedure is more extensive and the recipient’s condition is more serious. However, after the perioperative phase, graft and patient survival rates are higher than those after small-bowel transplantation alone, presumably because the transplanted liver has a protective effect, preventing rejection by absorbing and neutralizing antibodies.
