(See also Overview of Anaerobic Bacteria Overview of Anaerobic Bacteria Bacteria can be classified by their need and tolerance for oxygen: Facultative: Grow aerobically or anaerobically in the presence or absence of oxygen Microaerophilic: Require a low oxygen concentration... read more and Overview of Clostridial Infections Overview of Clostridial Infections Clostridia are spore-forming, gram-positive, anaerobic bacilli present widely in dust, soil, and vegetation and as normal flora in mammalian gastrointestinal tracts. Pathogenic species produce... read more .)
Clostridial infections of the abdomen and pelvis are serious and sometimes fatal.
Clostridium species are common residents of the gastrointestinal tract and are present in many abdominal infections, generally mixed with other enteric organisms. Clostridia are often the primary agents in the following:
Emphysematous cholecystitis
Gas gangrene of the uterus (which may occur after delivery and was previously common in patients who had a septic abortion)
Certain other female genital tract infections (tubo-ovarian, pelvic, and uterine abscesses)
Infection after perforation in colon carcinoma
The primary organisms are C. perfringens and, in the case of colon carcinoma, C. septicum. The organism produces exotoxins (lecithinases, hemolysins, collagenases, proteases, lipases) that can cause necrosis. Gas formation is common. Clostridial septicemia may cause hemolytic anemia because lecithinase (alpha-toxin) disrupts red blood cell membranes. With severe hemolysis, muscle necrosis, and coexisting toxicity, acute renal failure can occur.
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms of clostridial infections are similar to those of other abdominal infections (eg, pain, fever, abdominal tenderness, a toxic appearance). Patients with a uterine infection may have a foul-smelling, bloody vaginal discharge, and gas sometimes escapes through the cervix. Rarely, acute tubular necrosis develops.
Sepsis
Sepsis may be a complication of intra-abdominal or uterine clostridial infections. Initial symptoms can include fever, chills, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, hypotension, tachycardia, jaundice, cyanosis, and oliguria.
In 7 to 15% of patients with sepsis due to C. perfringens, acute massive intravascular hemolysis occurs. These patients have jaundice and red-tinged serum and urine. Spherocytes, ghost cells, and sometimes C. perfringens can be seen in a stained blood smear. Blood cultures are positive for C. perfringens.
Clostridial sepsis may result in multiorgan failure, which is frequently fatal, often within 24 hours of hospital admission.
Diagnosis
Gram stain and culture
Early diagnosis of clostridial infections requires a high index of suspicion. Early and repeated Gram stains and cultures of the site, pus, lochia, and blood are indicated. Gram stain of the wound discharge shows gram-positive rods; polymorphonuclear cells are absent because of destruction by alpha-toxin.
Because C. perfringens can occasionally be isolated from healthy vagina and lochia, cultures are not specific.
X-rays may show local gas production (eg, in the biliary tree, gallbladder wall, or uterus).
Treatment
Surgical debridement
High-dose penicillin (or carbapenems, beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitors, metronidazole, or clindamycin)
Treatment of clostridial abdominal and pelvic infections is surgical debridement and penicillin G 5 million units IV every 6 hours for at least 1 week. Alternatively, carbapenems Carbapenems Carbapenems include Ertapenem Imipenem Meropenem Carbapenems are parenteral bactericidal beta-lactam antibiotics that have an extremely broad spectrum. They are active against read more , beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitors, metronidazole, or clindamycin may be used. Clindamycin is often used in combination with penicillin because clindamycin has the ability to suppress toxin production. Because polymicrobial anaerobic infection is a concern, a carbapenem or a beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor combination is used. Organ removal (eg, hysterectomy) may be necessary and can be lifesaving if debridement is insufficient.
If acute tubular necrosis Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN) Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) is kidney injury characterized by acute tubular cell injury and dysfunction. Common causes are hypotension or sepsis that causes renal hypoperfusion and nephrotoxic... read more 
develops, dialysis is needed.
The usefulness of hyperbaric oxygen has not been established.
Key Points
Clostridial intra-abdominal and pelvic infections are serious and sometimes fatal.
Like other abdominal infections, clostridial abdominal infections cause pain, fever, and abdominal tenderness, and patients have a toxic appearance.
Patients with a clostridial uterine infection may have a foul-smelling, bloody vaginal discharge; gas sometimes escapes through the cervix.
Early diagnosis of clostridial infections requires a high index of suspicion and early and repeated Gram staining and cultures of the samples from the site and samples of pus, lochia, and blood.
Treat with surgical debridement and high-dose penicillin or other antibiotics (carbapenems, beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitors, metronidazole, clindamycin).
