Physical therapy aims to improve joint and muscle function (eg, range of motion, strength) and thus improve the patient’s ability to stand, balance, walk, and climb stairs. For example, physical therapy is usually used to train lower-extremity amputees. On the other hand, occupational therapy Occupational Therapy (OT) Occupational therapy (OT) focuses on self-care activities and improvement of fine motor coordination of muscles and joints, particularly in the upper extremities. Unlike physical therapy, which... read more focuses on self-care activities and improvement of fine motor coordination of muscles and joints, particularly in the upper extremities.
(See also Overview of Rehabilitation Overview of Rehabilitation Rehabilitation aims to facilitate recovery from loss of function. Loss may be due to fracture, amputation, stroke or another neurologic disorder, arthritis, cardiac impairment, or prolonged... read more .)
Range of motion
Limited range of motion impairs function and tends to cause pain and to predispose patients to pressure ulcers. Range of motion should be evaluated with a goniometer before therapy and regularly thereafter (for normal values, see the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Normal Joint Range of Motion Study).
Range-of-motion exercises stretch stiff joints. Stretching is usually most effective and least painful when tissue temperature is raised to about 43° C (see Heat Heat Treatment of pain and inflammation aims to facilitate movement and improve coordination of muscles and joints. Nondrug treatments include therapeutic exercise, heat, cold, electrical stimulation... read more ). There are several types of range-of-motion exercises.
Active: This type is used when patients can exercise without assistance; patients must move their limbs themselves.
Active assistive: This type is used when muscles are weak or when joint movement causes discomfort; patients must move their limbs, but a therapist helps them do so.
Passive: This type is used when patients cannot actively participate in exercise; no effort is required from them.
Strength and conditioning
Many exercises aim to improve muscle strength (for grading muscle strength, see table Grades of Muscle Strength Grades of Muscle Strength 
). Muscle strength may be increased with progressive resistive exercise. When a muscle is very weak, gravity alone is sufficient resistance. When muscle strength becomes fair, additional manual or mechanical resistance (eg, weights, spring tension) is added.
General conditioning exercises combine various exercises to treat the effects of debilitation, prolonged bed rest, or immobilization. The goals are to reestablish hemodynamic balance, increase cardiorespiratory capacity and endurance, and maintain range of motion and muscle strength.
For older people, the purpose of these exercises is both to strengthen muscles enough to function normally and possibly to regain normal strength for age.
Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation
Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation helps promote neuromuscular activity in patients who have upper motor neuron damage with spasticity; it enables them to feel muscle contraction and helps maintain the affected joint’s range of motion. For example, applying strong resistance to the left elbow flexor (biceps) of patients with right hemiplegia causes the hemiplegic biceps to contract, flexing the right elbow.
Coordination exercises
Coordination exercises are task-oriented exercises that improve motor skills by repeating a movement that works more than one joint and muscle simultaneously (eg, picking up an object, touching a body part).
Ambulation exercises
Before proceeding to ambulation exercises, patients must be able to balance in a standing position. Balancing exercise is usually done using parallel bars with a therapist standing in front of or directly behind a patient. While holding the bars, patients shift weight from side to side and from forward to backward. Once patients can balance safely, they can proceed to ambulation exercises.
Supporting a patient during ambulation
Aides should place one arm under that of the patient, gently grasp the patient’s forearm, and lock their arm firmly under the patient’s axilla. Thus, if the patient starts to fall, aides can provide support at the patient’s shoulder. If a patient is wearing a waist belt, aides use their free hand to grasp the belt.  |
Ambulation is often a major goal of rehabilitation. If individual muscles are weak or spastic, an orthosis Therapeutic and Assistive Devices (eg, a brace) may be used. Ambulation exercises are commonly started after using parallel bars; as patients progress, they use a walker, crutches, or cane and then walk without devices. Some patients wear an assistive belt used by the therapist to help prevent falls. Anyone assisting patients with ambulation should know how to correctly support them (see figure Supporting a patient during ambulation Supporting a patient during ambulation 
).
As soon as patients can walk safely on level surfaces, they can start training to climb stairs or to step over curbs if either skill is needed. Patients who use walkers must learn special techniques for climbing stairs and stepping over curbs. When climbing stairs, ascent starts with the better leg, and descent starts with the affected leg (ie, good leads up; bad leads down). Before patients are discharged, the social worker or physical therapist should arrange to have secure handrails installed along all stairs in the patients’ home.
Transfer training
Patients who cannot transfer independently from bed to chair, chair to commode, or chair to a standing position usually require attendants 24 hours/day. Adjusting the heights of commodes and chairs may help. Sometimes assistive devices are useful (ie, people who have difficulty standing from a seated position may benefit from a chair with a raised seat or a self-lifting chair).
