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Blocks the effects of insulin on muscle
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Helps regulate salt and water balance by causing the kidneys to retain salt and water and excrete potassium
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Has widespread effects throughout the body
Especially has anti-inflammatory action
Maintains blood sugar level, blood pressure, and muscle strength
Helps control salt and water balance
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Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
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Has effects on bone, mood, and the immune system
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Epinephrine and norepinephrine
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Stimulate the heart, lungs, blood vessels, and nervous system
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Controls gallbladder contractions that cause bile to enter the intestine
Stimulates release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas
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Controls growth hormone release from the pituitary gland
Causes sensation of hunger
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Increases insulin release from the pancreas
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Corticotropin-releasing hormone
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Stimulates release of adrenocorticotropic hormone
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Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
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Stimulates release of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone
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Growth hormone–releasing hormone
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Stimulates release of growth hormone
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Inhibits release of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and insulin
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Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
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Stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone and prolactin
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Stimulates red blood cell production
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Controls the development of female sex characteristics and the reproductive system
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Prepares the lining of the uterus for implantation of a fertilized egg and readies the mammary glands to secrete milk
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Raises the blood sugar level
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Lowers the blood sugar level
Affects the processing (metabolism) of sugar, protein, and fat throughout the body
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Controls bone formation and the excretion of calcium and phosphorus
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Corticotropin (also called adrenocorticotropic hormone [ ACTH])
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Controls the production and secretion of hormones by the adrenal glands
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Controls growth and development
Promotes protein production
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Luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone
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Control reproductive functions, including the production of sperm and semen in men and egg maturation and menstrual cycles in women
Control male and female sexual characteristics (including hair distribution, muscle formation, skin texture and thickness, voice, and perhaps even personality traits)
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Causes muscles of the uterus to contract during childbirth and after delivery and stimulates contractions of milk ducts in the breast, which move milk to the nipple
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Starts and maintains milk production in the ductal glands of the breast (mammary glands)
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Thyroid-stimulating hormone
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Stimulates the production and secretion of hormones by the thyroid gland
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Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone)
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Causes kidneys to retain water and, along with aldosterone, helps control blood pressure
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Stimulates ovaries to continue to release progesteroneduring early pregnancy
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Estrogen and progesterone
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Keep uterus receptive to fetus and placenta during pregnancy
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Controls the development of male sex characteristics and the reproductive system
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Tends to decrease blood calcium levels and helps regulate calcium balance
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Regulate the rate at which the body functions (metabolic rate)
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