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Diseases
Kidney infection ( pyelonephritis Kidney Infection Pyelonephritis is a bacterial infection of one or both kidneys. Infection can spread up the urinary tract to the kidneys, or uncommonly the kidneys may become infected through bacteria in the... read more )
Multiple myeloma Multiple Myeloma Multiple myeloma is a cancer of plasma cells in which abnormal plasma cells multiply uncontrollably in the bone marrow and occasionally in other parts of the body. People often have bone pain... read more
Polycystic kidney disease Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) Polycystic kidney disease is a hereditary disorder in which many fluid-filled sacs (cysts) form in both kidneys. The kidneys grow larger but have less functioning tissue. Polycystic kidney disease... read more
Sarcoidosis Sarcoidosis Sarcoidosis is a disease in which abnormal collections of inflammatory cells (granulomas) form in many organs of the body. Sarcoidosis usually develops in people aged 20 to 40 years, most often... read more
Sickle cell disease Sickle Cell Disease Sickle cell disease is an inherited genetic abnormality of hemoglobin (the oxygen-carrying protein found in red blood cells) characterized by sickle (crescent)-shaped red blood cells and chronic... read more
Sjögren syndrome Sjögren Syndrome Sjögren syndrome is a common autoimmune connective tissue disorder and is characterized by excessive dryness of the eyes, mouth, and other mucous membranes. White blood cells can infiltrate... read more
Systemic lupus erythematosus Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) Systemic lupus erythematosus is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory connective tissue disorder that can involve joints, kidneys, skin, mucous membranes, and blood vessel walls. Problems in the... read more (lupus)
Vesicoureteral reflux Reflux Nephropathy Reflux nephropathy is kidney scarring caused by urine flowing backward from the bladder into a ureter and toward a kidney. (See also Overview of Kidney Filtering Disorders.) Normally, where... read more (backflow of urine from the bladder into the ureter, as can occur in children with urinary tract infections Overview of Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) In healthy people, urine in the bladder is sterile—no bacteria or other infectious organisms are present. The tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body (urethra) contains no bacteria... read more )
Medications
Allopurinol
Anti-rejection medications for transplant recipients (such as cyclosporine and tacrolimus)
Certain antibiotics (such as penicillins, cephalosporins, rifampin, ciprofloxacin, and sulfa medications such as sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim)
Chemotherapy medications
Certain diuretics (such as furosemide and bumetanide)
Lithium
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
Proton-pump inhibitors (such as omeprazole or lansoprazole)
Toxins
Aristolochic acid
Cadmium
Lead