(See also Overview of Multiple Endocrine Neoplasias.)
Ninety-five percent of MEN 2B cases result from a single amino acid substitution in the RET protein. As in MEN 2A and familial medullary thyroid carcinoma, this mutation results in activation of RET proto-oncogene–mediated cellular processes. More than 50% are de novo mutations and thus may be sporadic rather than familial.
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs reflect the glandular abnormalities present (see table Conditions Associated With Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndromes). About 50% of patients have the complete syndrome with mucosal neuromas, pheochromocytomas, and medullary thyroid carcinoma. Fewer than 10% have neuromas and pheochromocytomas alone, whereas the remaining patients have neuromas and medullary thyroid carcinoma without pheochromocytoma.
Often, mucosal neuromas are the earliest sign, and they occur in most or all patients. Neuromas appear as small glistening bumps on the lips, tongue, and buccal mucosae.
The eyelids, conjunctivae, and corneas also commonly develop neuromas; infants are often unable to make tears. Thickened eyelids and everted, diffusely hypertrophied lips are characteristic.
Gastrointestinal abnormalities related to altered motility (constipation, diarrhea, and, occasionally, megacolon) are common and thought to result from diffuse intestinal ganglioneuromatosis.
Patients almost always have a marfanoid habitus. Skeletal abnormalities are common, including deformities of the spine (lordosis, kyphosis, scoliosis), slipped capital femoral epiphyses, dolichocephaly (hull-shaped skull, also called scaphocephaly), pes cavus, and talipes equinovarus.
Medullary thyroid carcinoma and pheochromocytoma resemble the corresponding disorders in MEN 2A syndrome; both tend to be bilateral and multicentric. Medullary thyroid carcinoma, however, tends to be particularly aggressive in MEN 2B and may be present in very young children.
Although the neuromas, facial characteristics, and gastrointestinal disorders are present at an early age, the syndrome may not be recognized until medullary thyroid carcinoma or pheochromocytoma manifests in later life.
Diagnosis
MEN 2B is suspected in patients with a family history of MEN 2B, pheochromocytoma, multiple mucosal neuromas, or medullary thyroid carcinoma. Genetic testing is highly accurate and is done to confirm the disorder. Genetic testing also is done to screen 1st-degree relatives and any symptomatic family members of patients with MEN 2B, as in MEN 2A.
Pheochromocytoma may be suspected clinically and is confirmed by measuring plasma free metanephrines and urinary catecholamines. Laboratory testing for medullary thyroid carcinoma may be done. MRI or CT is used to search for pheochromocytomas and medullary thyroid carcinoma.
Treatment
Key Points
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Multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 2B (MEN 2B) has a mutation of the same gene as in MEN 2A and manifests similarly except for the absence of hyperparathyroidism, the presence of more aggressive medullary thyroid carcinoma and the presence of multiple mucosal neuromas and a marfanoid habitus.
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Patients should have genetic testing for RET proto-oncogene mutations and blood or urine tests for pheochromocytoma.
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Pheochromocytoma is excised and prophylactic thyroidectomy is done.
