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  • Abdominal Pain, Acute
  • Abdominal pain, Chronic
  • Alopecia
  • Amenorrhea
  • Amnesia
  • Anosmia
  • Bleeding, Excessive
  • Breast Lumps
  • Chest Pain
  • Constipation in Adults
  • Constipation in Children
  • Cough in Adults
  • Cough in Children
  • Crying
  • Diarrhea in Adults
  • Diarrhea in Children
  • Diplopia
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  • Dry Mouth
  • Dysmenorrhea
  • Dyspepsia
  • Dysphagia
  • Dyspnea
  • Dysuria
  • Earache
  • Ear Discharge
  • Edema
  • Edema During Late Pregnancy
  • Epistaxis
  • Erectile dysfunction
  • Eyelid Swelling
  • Eye Pain
  • Fever
  • Fever, Acute, in Adults
  • Fever, Chronic (FUO)
  • Fever in Infants and Children
  • Floaters
  • Gas
  • Gastrointestinal Bleeding
  • Halitosis
  • Headache
  • Hearing Loss
  • Hearing Loss: Sudden Deafness
  • Hematospermia
  • Hematuria
  • Hemoptysis
  • Hiccups
  • Hirsutism
  • Insomnia and Excessive Daytime Sleepiness
  • Itching
  • Itching, Anal
  • Jaundice in Adults
  • Jaundice in Neonates
  • Joint Pain, Monarticular
  • Joint Pain, Polyarticular
  • Knee pain
  • Lump in Throat
  • Nasal Congestion and Rhinorrhea
  • Nausea and Vomiting During Early pPregnancy
  • Nausea and Vomiting in Adults
  • Nausea and Vomiting in Infants and Children
  • Neck and Back Pain
  • Neck Mass
  • Nipple Discharge
  • Orthostatis Hypotension
  • Pain
  • Pain, Chronic
  • Palpitations
  • Pelvic Pain
  • Pelvic Pain During Early Pregnancy
  • Polyuria
  • Priapism
  • Red Eye
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  • Stridor
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  • Tremor
  • Urinary Frequency
  • Urinary Incontinence in Adults
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  • Urinary Retention
  • Urticaria
  • Vaginal Bleeding
  • Vaginal Bleeding During Early Pregnancy
  • Vaginal Bleeding During Late Pregnancy
  • Vaginal Itching and Discharge
  • Vision, Blurred
  • Vision Loss, Acute
  • Weakness, Generalized
  • Wheezing
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Special Subjects
General Principles of Medical Genetics
expand / collapseOverview of Genetics
Structure
Gene Function
expand / collapseTraits and Inheritance Patterns
Construction of a family pedigree
expand / collapse Single-Gene Defects
Autosomal Dominant
Autosomal Recessive
X-Linked Dominant
X-Linked Recessive
expand / collapseFactors Affecting Gene Expression
Penetrance and expressivity
Sex-limited inheritance
Genomic imprinting
Codominance
Chromosomal inactivation
Multifactorial (Complex) Inheritance
expand / collapseUnusual Aspects of Inheritance
Mutations and polymorphisms
Mosaicism
Extra or missing chromosomes
Uniparental disomy
Chromosomal translocation
Triplet (trinucleotide) repeat disorders
Anticipation
Mitochondrial DNA Abnormalities
Genetic Diagnostic Technologies
expand / collapseClinical Uses of Genetics
Disease Understanding
Diagnosis
Genetic Screening
expand / collapseTreatment
Pharmacogenomics
Gene therapy
Ethical Controversies in Genetics
Clinical Decision Making
Introduction
expand / collapse Evidence-Based Medicine and Clinical Guidelines
expand / collapseEvidence-Based Medicine
Formulating a clinical question
Gathering evidence to answer the question
Evaluating the quality and validity of the evidence
Deciding how to apply the evidence to the care of a given patient
Limitations
Clinical Guidelines
expand / collapse Clinical Decision-Making Strategies
Hypothesis generation
Hypothesis testing
expand / collapse Probability Estimations and the Treatment Threshold
Limitations
expand / collapse Cognitive Errors in Clinical Decision Making
Types of cognitive error
Minimizing cognitive errors
expand / collapse Testing
expand / collapseDefining a Positive Test Result
Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves
expand / collapseTest Characteristics
Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values
Likelihood ratios (LRs)
Dichotomous Tests
Continuous Tests
expand / collapse Bayes' Theorem
Odds-likelihood calculation
Odds-likelihood nomogram
Tabular approach
Sequential Testing
expand / collapse Screening Tests
Multiple screening tests
Testing Thresholds
expand / collapse Economic Analyses in Clinical Decision Making
expand / collapseCost
Marginal cost
Outcome
expand / collapseCost-Benefit Analysis
Marginal cost-effectiveness ratio
Principles of Radiologic Imaging
expand / collapseRadiation and Imaging
expand / collapse Risks of Ionizing Radiation
Radiation during pregnancy
Recommendations
expand / collapse Radiographic Contrast Agents and Contrast Reactions
Allergic-type contrast reactions
Contrast nephropathy
expand / collapse Angiography
Uses
expand / collapseVariations
Digital subtraction angiography
Disadvantages
expand / collapse Computed Tomography
Uses
expand / collapseVariations
Virtual colonoscopy
CT IV pyelography (CT IVP) or urography
CT angiography
Disadvantages
expand / collapse Magnetic Resonance Imaging
expand / collapseUses
Contrast
expand / collapseVariations
Diffusion (diffusion-weighted) MRI
Echo planar imaging
Functional MRI
Gradient echo imaging
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)
Perfusion MRI
expand / collapseDisadvantages
Magnetic field
Claustrophobia
Contrast reactions
expand / collapse Radiography
expand / collapseVariations
Contrast studies
Fluoroscopy
Disadvantages
expand / collapse Radionuclide Scanning
Uses
expand / collapseVariations
Single-photon emission CT (SPECT)
Disadvantages
expand / collapse Positron Emission Tomography
Uses
expand / collapseVariations
PET-CT
Disadvantages
expand / collapse Ultrasonography
expand / collapseVariations
A-mode
B-mode (gray-scale)
M-mode
Doppler
Disadvantages
Complementary and Alternative Medicine
expand / collapseOverview of Complementary and Alternative Medicine
expand / collapseEfficacy
Research
Safety
Categories
expand / collapseAlternative Whole Medical Systems
expand / collapse Ayurveda
Evidence
Uses
Possible adverse effects
expand / collapse Homeopathy
Evidence
Uses
Possible adverse effects
Naturopathy
expand / collapse Traditional Chinese Medicine
Evidence
Possible adverse effects
expand / collapse Mind-Body Medicine
expand / collapse Biofeedback
Uses
expand / collapseGuided imagery
Uses
expand / collapse Hypnotherapy
Uses
expand / collapse Meditation
Uses
Relaxation Techniques
expand / collapse Biologically Based Practices
Diet Therapy
expand / collapse Orthomolecular Medicine
Evidence and uses
Possible adverse effects
Chelation Therapy
expand / collapse Manipulative and Body-Based Practices
expand / collapse Chiropractic
Uses
Possible adverse effects
expand / collapse Massage Therapy
Reflexology
Structural integration
expand / collapseOther Therapies
Cupping
Scraping
Moxibustion
expand / collapse Energy Medicine
expand / collapse Acupuncture
Evidence and uses
Possible adverse effects and contraindications
expand / collapse Magnets
Evidence and uses
Possible contraindications
expand / collapse Therapeutic Touch
Reiki
Dietary Supplements
expand / collapseOverview of Dietary Supplements
Definition
Labeling
Safety and efficacy
Purity and standardization
Other concerns
expand / collapse Black Cohosh
Claims
Adverse effects
expand / collapse Chamomile
Claims
Adverse effects
expand / collapse Chondroitin Sulfate
Claims
Adverse effects
expand / collapse Chromium
Claims
Adverse effects
expand / collapse Coenzyme Q10
Claims
Adverse effects
expand / collapse Cranberry
Claims
Adverse effects
expand / collapse Creatine
Claims
Adverse effects
expand / collapse Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
Claims
Adverse effects
expand / collapse Echinacea
Claims
Adverse effects
expand / collapse Feverfew
Claims
Adverse effects
expand / collapse Fish Oil
Claims
Adverse effects
expand / collapse Garlic
Claims
Adverse effects
expand / collapse Ginger
Claims
Adverse effects
expand / collapse Ginkgo
Claims
Adverse effects
expand / collapse Ginseng
Claims
Adverse effects
expand / collapse Glucosamine
Claims
Adverse effects
expand / collapse Goldenseal
Claims
Adverse effects
expand / collapse Green Tea
Claims
Adverse effects
expand / collapse Kava
Claims
Adverse effects
expand / collapse Licorice
Claims
Adverse effects
expand / collapse Melatonin
Claims
Adverse effects
expand / collapse Milk Thistle
Claims
Adverse effects
expand / collapse S-Adenosyl-l-Methionine
Claims
Adverse effects
expand / collapse Saw Palmetto
Claims
Adverse effects
expand / collapse St. John's Wort
Claims
Adverse effects
expand / collapse Valerian
Claims
Adverse effects
expand / collapse Zinc
Claims
Adverse effects
Drug Use and Dependence
expand / collapseOverview of Drug Use and Dependence
expand / collapseDefinitions
Narcotics and scheduled drugs
expand / collapse Drug Dependence
Drug
User
Setting
expand / collapseInjection Drug Use
expand / collapseComplications
Adulterants
Infectious agents
Diagnosis
Treatment
expand / collapse Drug Testing
False results
expand / collapse Body Packing
Diagnosis
Treatment
expand / collapse Opioids
expand / collapsePathophysiology
Chronic effects
Pregnancy
expand / collapseSymptoms and Signs
Acute effects
Toxicity or overdose
Withdrawal
Diagnosis
expand / collapseTreatment
Toxicity or overdose
Withdrawal and detoxification
expand / collapse Opioid Abuse and Rehabilitation
expand / collapseTreatment
Maintenance
Support
expand / collapse Alcohol
expand / collapsePathophysiology
Chronic effects
Special populations
expand / collapseSymptoms and Signs
Acute effects
Toxicity or overdose
Chronic effects
Withdrawal
Diagnosis
expand / collapse Treatment
Toxicity or overdose
Withdrawal
expand / collapse Alcohol Problems and Rehabilitation
Definitions
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
expand / collapse Treatment
Maintenance
expand / collapse Wernicke's Encephalopathy
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
expand / collapse Korsakoff's Psychosis
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treament
Marchiafava-Bignami Disease
expand / collapse Anxiolytics and Sedatives
expand / collapsePathophysiology
Chronic effects
Pregnancy
expand / collapseSymptoms and Signs
Toxicity or overdose
Withdrawal
Diagnosis
expand / collapseTreatment
Toxicity or overdose
Withdrawal and detoxification
expand / collapse Marijuana (Cannabis)
expand / collapsePathophysiology
Chronic effects
expand / collapseSymptoms and Signs
Acute effects
Withdrawal
Diagnosis
Treatment
expand / collapse Cocaine
expand / collapsePathophysiology
Pregnancy
expand / collapseSymptoms and Signs
Acute effects
Toxicity or overdose
Chronic effects
Withdrawal
Diagnosis
expand / collapseTreatment
Toxicity or overdose
Abuse
expand / collapse Amphetamines
expand / collapsePathophysiology
Chronic effects
expand / collapseSymptoms and Signs
Acute effects
Toxicity or overdose
Chronic effects
Withdrawal
Diagnosis
expand / collapseTreatment
Toxicity or overdose
Withdrawal and rehabilitation
expand / collapse Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (Ecstasy, MDMA)
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
expand / collapse Hallucinogens
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
expand / collapse Ketamine and Phencyclidine (PCP)
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Volatile Nitrites
expand / collapse Volatile Solvents
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Gamma Hydroxybutyrate
expand / collapse Anabolic Steroids
expand / collapsePathophysiology
Chronic effects
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
expand / collapse Substance Use in Children and Adolescents
Diagnosis
Smoking Cessation
expand / collapseSmoking Cessation
expand / collapseEpidemiology
Smoking
Complications
Quitting
Passive smoking
Symptoms and Signs
expand / collapseTreatment
Identifying smokers
Evidence-based counseling
Drugs
Drug safety
Cessation in children
Prognosis
expand / collapseOther Kinds of Tobacco
Cessation
Medical Aspects of Travel
Introduction
expand / collapse Air Travel
Barometric pressure changes
Children
Circadian dysrhythmia (jet lag)
Decreased O2 tension
Low cabin humidity
Motion sickness
Pregnancy
Psychologic stress
Restricted mobility
Turbulence
Other issues
expand / collapse Foreign Travel
Vaccinations
Injury and death
Traveler's diarrhea
Schistosomiasis
Problems after returning home
Syndromes of Uncertain Origin
Introduction
expand / collapse Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
expand / collapse Multiple Chemical Sensitivity Syndrome
expand / collapseEtiology
Triggers
Mechanism
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Gulf War Syndrome
Care of the Surgical Patient
Introduction
expand / collapse Preoperative Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Testing
Surgical risk factors
expand / collapsePerioperative Management
Diabetes
Corticosteroids
Anticoagulants and antiplatelets
Other drugs that control chronic disorders
Drug dependence
Smoking
Upper airway
Preprocedural checklist
expand / collapse Outpatient Procedures
Preparation
Discharge precautions
Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Surgical Procedures
expand / collapse Postoperative Care
Airway
Pain
Mental status
Wound care
Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) prophylaxis
Fever
Other issues
Rehabilitation
expand / collapseOverview of Rehabilitation
Referral
Goals of therapy
Patient and caregiver issues
Geriatric Rehabilitation
expand / collapse Physical Therapy (PT)
Range of motion
Strength and conditioning
Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation
Coordination exercises
Ambulation exercises
Transfer training
expand / collapse Occupational Therapy (OT)
Evaluation
Interventions
Speech Therapy
Therapeutic and Assistive Devices
expand / collapse Rehabilitative Measures for Treatment of Pain and Inflammation
Heat
Cold
Electrical stimulation
Cervical traction
Massage
Acupuncture
Cardiovascular Rehabilitation
expand / collapse Stroke Rehabilitation
Hemiplegia
Ambulation problems
Spasticity
Hemianopia
Occupational therapy
expand / collapse Leg Amputation Rehabilitation
expand / collapse Stump Conditioning and Prostheses
Care of the stump and prosthesis
Complications
Hip Surgery Rehabilitation
expand / collapseRehabilitation For Other Disorders
Arthritis
Blindness
COPD
Head injury
Spinal cord injury
Exercise
expand / collapse Overview of Exercise
Stretching and flexibility
Aerobic exercise
Strength training
Balance training
Hydration
expand / collapse Exercise in the Elderly
Contraindications
Screening
Exercise program
The Dying Patient
expand / collapseThe Dying Patient
When Death Is Near
After Death Occurs
Hospice Care
expand / collapseOther Concerns Related to Dying
Managing disability
Financial concerns
Legal and ethical concerns
expand / collapse Symptom Control in the Dying
Pain
Dyspnea
Anorexia
Nausea and Vomiting
Constipation
Pressure Ulcers
Confusion
Depression
Stress
Grief
Medicolegal Issues
expand / collapse Capacity (Competence) and Incapacity
Clinical capacity
Legal capacity
Informed Consent
expand / collapse Consent and Surrogate Decision Making
Children
Adults
Scope
expand / collapse Confidentiality and HIPAA
Access to medical records
Notice of privacy practices
Limits on use of personal medical information
Marketing
Confidential communications
Complaints
expand / collapse Advance Directives
Living will
Durable power of attorney for health care
Do-Not-Resuscitate (DNR) Orders and Physician Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment (POLST)
Medical Malpractice
Financial Issues in Health Care
expand / collapseOverview of Health Care Financing
expand / collapseFunding
Private insurance
Government insurance programs
Out of pocket
expand / collapse Causes of High Health Care Costs
Use of costly new technologies and drugs
Increased costs of health care goods and services
Marketing of new drugs and devices
Overuse of specialty care
High administrative costs
Physician fees
Malpractice costs
Defensive medicine
Aging of the population
expand / collapse Containing Health Care Costs
expand / collapseDecreasing Use of Health Care Services
Limiting access to health care
Eliminating unnecessary care
Improving health
expand / collapseDecreasing Reimbursement for Care Used
Lower fees
Increased use of primary care
Prospective payment systems
Denial of claims
Competition
Decreased drug costs
Negative effects on medical research
expand / collapseDecreasing Overhead
Decreasing payor overhead
Decreasing provider overhead
Limb Prosthetics
Limb Prosthetics
expand / collapse Prosthetic Parts and Options
Interface
Components
Cover
Options
Preparing to Use a Prosthesis
Fitting the Prosthesis
expand / collapse Skin Care of the Stump
Preventing skin breakdown
Skin infections
Preventing other skin problems
Stump Swelling
Loosening of the Prosthesis
Stump Pain
Audio
Figures
Photographs
Sidebars
Tables
Videos

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