Shigella bacteria are excreted in stool and can be easily spread when hygiene or sanitation is inadequate.
People may have watery diarrhea, sometimes leading to severe dehydration.
Identifying the bacteria in a sample of stool can confirm the diagnosis.
For people with shigellosis and people who care for them, meticulous hygiene is necessary to avoid spreading the infection.
Fluids are given by mouth or, if the infection is severe, intravenously.
Antibiotics are used for people who have a severe infection or those who have a weakened immune system.
(See also Overview of Bacteria Overview of Bacteria Bacteria are microscopic, single-celled organisms. They are among the earliest known life forms on earth. There are thousands of different kinds of bacteria, and they live in every conceivable... read more .)
Shigella bacteria are a common cause of dysentery in the United States and throughout the world.
Because stomach acid does not easily destroy these bacteria, ingesting even a small number of them causes infection. In the large intestine, the bacteria cause inflammation, and because they are then excreted in stool,
Infection spreads easily from person to person when hands are soiled.
Infection can occur if people touch their mouth after touching an object (such as a diaper or toy) contaminated by infected stool. People can become infected if they consume food contaminated by infected food handlers who do not wash their hands with soap after using a toilet. All such transmission involving infected stool is termed fecal-oral transmission.
Infection is also spread through the following:
Water contaminated with human waste
Swimming and wading pools that are inadequately chlorinated
Infection easily spreads among people who live together. Outbreaks also occur in places that are overcrowded and have inadequate sanitation, such as
Day-care centers for children
Long-term care facilities
Refugee camps
Institutions for the intellectually disabled
Cruise ships
Military camps
Countries where sanitary conditions are poor
Children are more likely to become infected and to have severe symptoms, such as seizures.
There are four species of Shigella. All cause diarrhea. However, one—Shigella dysenteriae—is more likely to cause severe diarrhea, dysentery, and complications.
Symptoms of Shigellosis
Mild infections cause low-grade fever (about 100.4 to 102° F [38 to 38.9° C]) and watery diarrhea 1 to 4 days after people ingest the bacteria. Some adults do not have a fever. Mild infections in adults usually resolve in 4 to 8 days.
In adults, the first symptoms may be painful abdominal cramps and a frequent urge to defecate. Passing stool may temporarily relieve the pain. These symptoms may become more severe and occur more frequently as the infection progresses.
Severe infections may cause low-grade or moderate fever and watery diarrhea that progresses to dysentery. In dysentery, bowel movements are frequent and contain blood, pus, and mucus. Severe infections usually resolve in 3 to 6 weeks.
In young children, symptoms begin suddenly. Symptoms include fever, irritability or drowsiness, loss of appetite, nausea or vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. Children may frequently feel an urgent need to defecate. Within 3 days, blood, pus, and mucus appear in stool. Unless complications develop, symptoms usually resolve by the second week.
Complications of shigellosis
Children, particularly young children, are most likely to have severe complications:
High fever (up to 106° F [41° C]), sometimes with delirium, seizures, or coma
Severe dehydration with weight loss
20 or more bowel movements a day
With severe diarrhea, protrusion of part of the rectum out of the body (rectal prolapse)
Rarely, marked swelling of the intestine and tearing (perforation) of the large intestine
Hemolytic-uremic syndrome Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome (HUS) Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) is a serious disorder that usually occurs in children and involves the formation of small blood clots throughout the body that block the flow of blood to vital... read more if the infection is due to Shigella dysenteriae type 1 (which is rare in the United States)
Severe dehydration can lead to shock Shock Shock is a life-threatening condition in which blood flow to the organs is low, decreasing delivery of oxygen and thus causing organ damage and sometimes death. Blood pressure is usually low... read more and death, mainly in children under 2 years, in chronically ill, malnourished, or debilitated adults, and in older people.
In hemolytic-uremic syndrome, red blood cells are destroyed, causing anemia with fatigue, weakness, and light-headedness. Blood clots abnormally, causing the kidneys to stop functioning. Seizures or strokes can also occur.
Some adults develop reactive arthritis Reactive Arthritis Reactive arthritis (previously called Reiter syndrome) is a spondyloarthritis causing inflammation of the joints and tendon attachments at the joints, often related to an infection. Joint pain... read more 
(inflammation of the joints). Inflammation of the eyes (uveitis Uveitis Uveitis is inflammation anywhere in the pigmented inside lining of the eye, known as the uvea or uveal tract. The uveal tract may become inflamed because of infection, injury, a bodywide autoimmune... read more ) and urethra (causing painful urination) may occur weeks to months after the diarrhea.
Diagnosis of Shigellosis
Culture of a stool sample
A doctor suspects shigellosis based on the typical symptoms of pain, fever, and watery or bloody diarrhea in people who are likely to have been exposed to the bacteria.
To confirm the diagnosis of shigellosis, doctors take a sample of stool and send it to a laboratory to grow (culture) and identify the bacteria.
Bacteria are also tested to see which antibiotics are effective (a process called susceptibility testing Testing a Microorganism's Susceptibility and Sensitivity to Antimicrobial Drugs Infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Doctors suspect an infection based on the person's symptoms, physical examination results,... read more ).
Prevention of Shigellosis
Prevention includes the following:
Infected people should not prepare food for others.
After using the toilet, infected people should wash their hands, and someone should clean and disinfect the toilet before it is used again.
People caring for people with shigellosis should wash their hands with soap and water, particularly before they touch other people or handle food.
Infected children with symptoms should not have contact with uninfected children.
Diapers of infected children should be disposed of in a sealed garbage can, and the area used to change diapers should be wiped with disinfectant after each use.
Stool that contaminates clothing and bedclothes of infected people should be flushed away in running water, and the soiled clothing and bedclothes should be washed in a washing machine using the hot water cycle. When finished, surfaces of the sink, toilet, and washing machine should be wiped down with a disinfectant, such as diluted chlorine bleach.
Currently, no vaccine is available, but one is being studied.
Treatment of Shigellosis
Fluids containing salt
For severe infections, antibiotics
Water and salts lost because of diarrhea are replaced with fluids given by mouth or, if the infection is serious, by vein.
Mild infections typically resolve within 4 to 8 days. Antibiotics are not routinely required for healthy adults with mild infection.
However, doctors often give antibiotics to certain people, including those who
Are very young or very old
Have a weakened immune system
Have a moderate to severe infection
Severe infections may also require hospitalization so that fluids containing salts can be given intravenously and complications, such as hemolytic-uremic syndrome, can be treated. Antibiotics, such as azithromycin, ciprofloxacin (for adults), or ceftriaxone, are given.
Drugs to stop diarrhea (such as diphenoxylate or loperamide) may prolong the infection and should not be used.
More Information
The following English-language resource may be useful. Please note that THE MANUAL is not responsible for the content of this resource.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Shigellosis: A resource providing information about shigellosis, including sources of infection and prevention
Drugs Mentioned In This Article
| Generic Name | Select Brand Names |
|---|---|
azithromycin |
Azasite, Zithromax, Zithromax Powder, Zithromax Single-Dose , Zithromax Tri-Pak, Zithromax Z-Pak, Zmax, Zmax Pediatric |
ciprofloxacin |
Cetraxal , Ciloxan, Cipro, Cipro XR, OTIPRIO, Proquin XR |
ceftriaxone |
Ceftrisol Plus, Rocephin |
loperamide |
Anti-Diarrheal, Imodium A-D, Imodium A-D EZ Chews , K-Pek II |
