There are many options for limb prostheses Limb Prostheses Options Prosthetic components include the socket, suspension and control system(s), joints, and appendage. There are many different options for prostheses, but all options aim to achieve a stable, comfortable... read more . However, the fitting process typically follows the same steps regardless of the options chosen. After the socket fits and functions well, people are referred to physical therapy Physical Therapy (PT) Physical therapy, a component of rehabilitation, involves exercising and manipulating the body with an emphasis on the back, upper arms, and legs. It can improve joint and muscle function, helping... read more and occupational therapy Occupational Therapy (OT) Occupational therapy, a component of rehabilitation, is intended to enhance a person's ability to do basic self-care activities, useful work, and leisure activities. These activities include... read more for training sessions. As the amputee becomes accustomed to the prostheses, the prosthetist may make adjustments to further optimize function and reduce energy expenditure. (See also Overview of Limb Prosthetics Overview of Limb Prosthetics A limb prosthesis is an artificial limb that replaces a missing body part, usually because it has been amputated. The main causes of limb amputation are Blood vessel (vascular) disease, particularly... read more .)
A prosthesis has 7 basic parts:
Residual-limb gel cushion interface: A silicone gel or viscoelastic material that protects the skin and adjusts pressure
Suspension system: Connects the prosthesis to the body
Socket: Rigid plastic receptacle into which the residual limb with gel interface is inserted (there may be an inner primary flexible socket that helps adjust pressure)
Joints (ankle, knee, wrist, elbow) and terminal appendage (hand, foot)
Modular endoskeletal system connection couplings: Connect prosthetic joints and terminal appendages and provide adjustability
Anatomic shape: Soft foam material that simulates muscle contours and protects endoskeletal components
Synthetic skin: Thin, tone-matching layer applied over the anatomic shape
During the fitting process, the prosthetist makes a mold of the residual limb (stump) using plaster or fiberglass bandages or by digital imaging. The mold or digital image is used to create a positive model of the limb, which is then modified to better match the individual characteristics of the person's residual limb.
A socket is formed around the model. This socket is integrated into a diagnostic prosthesis to test various component combinations and determine which option provides the most comfort, stability, function, and efficiency. Because the fit of the prosthetic socket is so important, prosthetists may require several tries to achieve optimal socket comfort and stability.
Once the socket fit is finalized and the components and design have been determined, the definitive socket is fabricated, usually of carbon fiber and other durable materials, and the definitive prosthesis is aligned and optimized. The external appearance is created, either an anatomically realistic one or one that leaves the components exposed. The fitting process takes 7 to 18 visits, depending on complexity, and about 16 laboratory fabrication procedures.
