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    Rheumatology and Orthopedics
    Approach to the Patient With Joint Symptoms
    • Evaluation of the Ankle
      • Physical Examination
    • Evaluation of the Elbow
      • Physical Examination
    • Evaluation of the Foot
      • Physical Examination
    • Evaluation of the Hand
      • Physical Examination
        • Reference
    • Evaluation of the Hip
      • Physical Examination
      • Arthrocentesis
    • Evaluation of the Knee
      • Physical Examination
    • Evaluation of the Shoulder
      • Physical Examination
        • Disorders of the shoulder
    • Evaluation of the Wrist
      • Physical Examination
    • Evaluation of the Patient With Joint Symptoms
      • History
        • History reference
      • Physical Examination
      • Testing
        • Blood tests
        • Imaging studies
        • Arthrocentesis
        • Synovial fluid examination
        • Testing reference
    Systemic Rheumatic Diseases
    • Introduction to Systemic Rheumatic Diseases
    • Eosinophilic Fasciitis
      • References
      • Symptoms and Signs
        • Symptoms and signs reference
      • Diagnosis
        • Diagnosis reference
      • Treatment
        • Treatment reference
      • Prognosis
      • Key Points
    • Mixed Connective Tissue Disease (MCTD)
      • General reference
      • Symptoms and Signs
        • Symptoms and signs references
      • Diagnosis
        • Diagnosis reference
      • Treatment
        • Treatment reference
      • Prognosis
        • Prognosis reference
      • Key Points
    • Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies
      • General reference
      • Etiology
        • Etiology reference
      • Pathophysiology
        • Pathophysiology reference
      • Classification
        • Classification reference
      • Symptoms and Signs
      • Diagnosis
        • Laboratory studies
        • Electromyography and imaging tests
        • Biopsy
        • Additional testing
        • Diagnosis references
      • Treatment
        • Treatment references
      • Prognosis
        • Prognosis references
      • Key Points
    • Relapsing Polychondritis
      • Reference
      • Symptoms and Signs
        • Symptoms and signs references
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
        • Treatment reference
      • Prognosis
      • Key Points
    • Sjögren Syndrome
      • General reference
      • Pathophysiology
      • Symptoms and Signs
        • Glandular manifestations
        • Extraglandular manifestations
        • Symptoms and signs references
      • Diagnosis
        • Diagnosis references
      • Treatment
        • Treatment references
      • Prognosis
      • Key Points
      • More Information
    • Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
      • General references
      • Symptoms and Signs
        • Joint manifestations
        • Skin and mucous membrane manifestations
        • Cardiopulmonary manifestations
        • Lymphoid tissue
        • Neurologic manifestations
        • Renal manifestations
        • Obstetric manifestations
        • Hematologic manifestations
        • Gastrointestinal manifestations
        • Symptoms and signs reference
      • Diagnosis
        • ANA testing
        • Other ANA and anticytoplasmic antibodies
        • Other tests
        • Renal involvement
        • Diagnosis references
      • Treatment
        • Mild to moderate disease
        • Severe disease
        • Maintenance therapy
        • Coexisting medical conditions and pregnancy
        • Treatment references
      • Prognosis
        • Prognosis references
      • Key Points
      • More Information
      • Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus
        • Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE)
        • Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE)
        • SCLE reference
    • Systemic Sclerosis
      • Reference
      • Classification
      • Etiology
      • Pathophysiology
      • Symptoms and Signs
        • Skin and nail manifestations
        • Joint manifestations
        • Gastrointestinal manifestations
        • Cardiopulmonary manifestations
        • Renal manifestations
      • Diagnosis
        • Antibody testing
        • Clinical criteria
        • Diagnosis reference
      • Treatment
        • Skin and joint manifestations
        • Gastrointestinal manifestations
        • Cardiopulmonary manifestations
        • Renal manifestations
        • Treatment references
      • Prognosis
        • Prognosis references
      • Key Points
    Bursa, Muscle, and Tendon Disorders
    • Baker Cysts
      • Etiology
      • Symptoms and Signs
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
      • Key Points
    • Bursitis
      • Etiology
      • Symptoms and Signs
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
        • Treatment references
      • Key Points
    • Tendinitis and Tenosynovitis
      • Etiology
      • Symptoms and Signs
      • Diagnosis
        • Rotator cuff tendinopathy
        • Bicipital tendinitis
        • Volar flexor tenosynovitis (digital flexor tendinitis)
        • Gluteus medius tendinitis
      • Treatment
      • Key Points
    • Fibromyalgia
      • Etiology
        • Etiology reference
      • Symptoms and Signs
      • Diagnosis
        • Diagnosis reference
      • Treatment
        • Treatment reference
      • Prognosis
      • Key Points
    Coccyx Disorders
    • Coccygeal Area Pain
      • Etiology
      • Pathophysiology
      • Evaluation
        • History
        • Physical examination
        • Red flags
        • Interpretation of findings
        • Testing
        • Evaluation reference
      • Treatment
        • Treatment reference
      • Key Points
    • Coccyx Disorders
      • Etiology
      • Symptoms and Signs
      • Diagnosis
        • Imaging of the coccyx
        • Diagnosis references
      • Treatment
        • Treatment references
      • Key Points
    Crystal-Induced Arthritides
    • Overview of Crystal-Induced Arthritides
    • Gout
      • Pathophysiology
        • Pathophysiology references
      • Symptoms and Signs
        • Course
        • Tophi
        • Complications of gout
        • Symptoms and signs references
      • Diagnosis
        • Synovial fluid analysis
        • Serum urate level
        • Diagnosis of chronic gouty arthritis
        • Diagnosis references
      • Treatment
        • Treatment of acute flares
        • Prevention of recurrent flares
        • Lowering the serum urate level
        • Other treatments
        • Treatment references
      • Prognosis
        • Prognosis reference
      • Asymptomatic Hyperuricemia
        • Reference
      • Key Points
    • Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease
      • Reference
      • Etiology
        • Etiology reference
      • Symptoms and Signs
        • Symptoms and signs reference
      • Diagnosis
        • Diagnosis reference
      • Treatment
        • Treatment reference
      • Prognosis
      • Key Points
    • Basic Calcium Phosphate Crystal Deposition Disease and Calcium Oxalate Crystal Deposition Disease
      • Basic calcium phosphate crystal deposition disease
      • Calcium oxalate crystal deposition disease
      • Reference
    Foot and Ankle Disorders
    • Achilles Tendinopathy
      • General references
      • Symptoms and Signs
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
        • Treatment references
    • Metatarsophalangeal Joint Pain
      • Symptoms and Signs
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
      • Key Points
    • Sesamoiditis
      • Symptoms and Signs
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
      • Key Points
    • Achilles Tendon Enthesopathy
      • Treatment
      • Treatment references
    • Anterior Achilles Tendon Bursitis
      • Os trigonum syndrome
      • Symptoms and Signs
      • Diagnosis
        • Diagnosis reference
      • Treatment
        • Treatment reference
    • Bunion
      • Symptoms and Signs
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
      • Key Points
    • Apophysitis of the Calcaneus
      • Treatment
    • Freiberg Disease
      • Symptoms and Signs
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
        • Treatment reference
    • Hammer Toe Deformity
      • Treatment
    • Inferior Calcaneal Bursitis
      • Fat pad syndrome
      • Treatment
    • Interdigital Neuroma
      • Symptoms and Signs
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
        • Treatment reference
      • Key Points
    • Medial and Lateral Plantar Nerve Entrapment
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    • Plantar Fasciitis
      • Etiology
      • Symptoms and Signs
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
        • Treatment reference
      • Key Points
    • Plantar Fibromatosis
      • Treatment
    • Posterior Achilles Tendon Bursitis
      • Symptoms and Signs
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    • Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome
      • Symptoms and Signs
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    • Tibialis Posterior Tendinosis and Tibialis Posterior Tenosynovitis
      • Symptoms and Signs
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    • Overview of Foot and Ankle Disorders
      • Considerations for Using Glucocorticoid Injections
        • Reference
    • Metatarsalgia
    Hand Disorders
    • Boutonnière Deformity
    • Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
      • General reference
      • Symptoms and Signs
      • Diagnosis
        • Diagnosis references
      • Treatment
      • Treatment reference
      • Key Points
    • Cubital Tunnel Syndrome
      • Symptoms and Signs
      • Diagnosis
        • Diagnosis reference
      • Treatment
    • De Quervain Syndrome
      • Reference
      • Symptoms and Signs
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
        • Treatment reference
    • Trigger Finger (Stenosing Flexor Tenosynovitis)
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
        • Treatment reference
    • Dupuytren Contracture
      • Reference
      • Symptoms and Signs
        • Symptoms and signs reference
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
        • Treatment references
    • Felon
      • Reference
    • Herpetic Whitlow
    • Infectious Flexor Tenosynovitis
      • Diagnosis
        • Diagnosis reference
      • Treatment
    • Kienböck Disease
      • Symptoms and Signs
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
        • Treatment references
    • Osteoarthritis of the Hand
      • Treatment
    • Swan-Neck Deformity
    • Infected Bite Wounds of the Hand
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    • Palm Abscess
    • Radial Tunnel Syndrome
      • Symptoms and Signs
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    • Overview and Evaluation of Hand Disorders
      • Hand deformities
      • Hand infections
      • Nerve compression syndromes of the hand
      • Noninfectious tenosynovitis
      • General references
      • Evaluation
        • History
        • Physical examination
        • Testing
        • Evaluation references
    • Ganglia
      • Reference
      • Etiology
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
        • Treatment references
    How To Do Arthrocentesis
    • How To Do Ankle Arthrocentesis
      • Indications
      • Contraindications
      • Complications
      • Equipment
      • Additional Considerations
      • Relevant Anatomy
      • Positioning
      • Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
      • Aftercare
      • Warnings and Common Errors
      • Tips and Tricks
        • References
    • How To Do Knee Arthrocentesis
      • Indications
      • Contraindications
      • Complications
      • Equipment
      • Additional Considerations
      • Relevant Anatomy
      • Positioning
      • Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
      • Aftercare
      • Warnings and Common Errors
      • Tips and Tricks
        • References
    • How To Do Metatarsophalangeal Joint Arthrocentesis
      • Indications
      • Contraindications
      • Complications
      • Equipment
      • Additional Considerations
      • Relevant Anatomy
      • Positioning
      • Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
      • Aftercare
      • Warnings and Common Errors
      • Tips and Tricks
        • References
    • How To Do Elbow Arthrocentesis
      • Indications
      • Contraindications
      • Complications
      • Equipment
      • Additional Considerations
      • Relevant Anatomy
      • Positioning
      • Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
      • Aftercare
      • Warnings and Common Errors
      • Tips and Tricks
        • References
    • How To Do Metacarpophalangeal and Interphalangeal Joint Arthrocentesis
      • Indications
      • Contraindications
      • Complications
      • Equipment
      • Additional Considerations
      • Relevant Anatomy
      • Positioning
      • Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
      • Aftercare
      • Warnings and Common Errors
      • Tips and Tricks
    • How To Do Shoulder Arthrocentesis
      • Indications
      • Contraindications
      • Complications
      • Equipment
      • Additional Considerations
      • Relevant Anatomy
      • Positioning
      • Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
      • Aftercare
      • Warnings and Common Errors
      • Tips and Tricks
        • References
    • How To Do Wrist Arthrocentesis
      • Indications
      • Contraindications
      • Complications
      • Equipment
      • Additional Considerations
      • Relevant Anatomy
      • Positioning
      • Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
      • Aftercare
      • Warnings and Common Errors
      • Tips and Tricks
        • References
    How To Do Bursal Aspiration and Injection
    • How To Inject a Subacromial Bursa
      • Indications
      • Contraindications
      • Complications
      • Equipment
      • Additional Considerations
      • Relevant Anatomy
      • Positioning
      • Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
        • Prepare the site
        • Inject the bursa
      • Aftercare
      • Warnings and Common Errors
      • Tips and Tricks
      • Reference
    • How To Aspirate or Inject an Olecranon Bursa
      • Indications
      • Contraindications
      • Complications
      • Equipment
      • Additional Considerations
      • Relevant Anatomy
      • Positioning
      • Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
        • Prepare the site
        • Puncture the bursa
      • Aftercare
      • Warnings and Common Errors
      • Tips and Tricks
      • References
    • How To Aspirate or Inject a Prepatellar Bursa
      • Indications
      • Contraindications
      • Complications
      • Equipment
      • Additional Considerations
      • Relevant Anatomy
      • Positioning
      • Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
        • Prepare the site
        • Puncture the bursa
      • Aftercare
      • Warnings and Common Errors
      • Tips and Tricks
      • Reference
    • How To Inject a Trochanteric Bursa
      • Indications
      • Contraindications
      • Complications
      • Equipment
      • Additional Considerations
      • Relevant Anatomy
      • Positioning
      • Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
        • Prepare the site
        • Inject the bursa
      • Aftercare
      • Warnings and Common Errors
      • Tips and Tricks
      • Reference
    IgG4-Related Disease
    • IgG4-Related Disease
      • Pathophysiology
        • Pancreato-hepato-biliary disease
        • Retroperitoneal fibrosis and/or aortitis
        • Head- and neck-limited disease
        • Classic Mikulicz syndrome with systemic involvement
        • Other phenotypes
        • Pathophysiology references
      • Etiology
        • Etiology reference
      • Pathology
        • Pathology reference
      • Symptoms and Signs
        • Symptoms and signs references
      • Diagnosis
        • Diagnosis references
      • Treatment
        • Treatment references
      • Prognosis
      • Key Points
    Infections of Joints and Bones
    • Chronic Infectious Arthritis
    • Acute Infectious Arthritis
      • General references
      • Risk factors
      • Risk factors references
      • Etiology
        • Etiology references
      • Pathophysiology
      • Pathophysiology reference
      • Symptoms and Signs
        • Gonococcal arthritis
        • Nongonococcal bacterial arthritis
        • Infectious arthritis secondary to bite wounds
        • Viral infectious arthritis
        • Borrelia burgdorferi arthritis
      • Symptoms and signs references
      • Diagnosis
        • Infectious arthritis
        • Gonococcal arthritis
      • Diagnosis references
      • Treatment
        • Antibiotic therapy
        • Drainage of infected fluid
        • Treatment references
      • Prognosis
        • Prognosis reference
      • Key Points
    • Prosthetic Joint Infectious Arthritis
      • Etiology
      • Etiology references
      • Risk Factors
      • Risk factors references
      • Symptoms and Signs
      • Symptoms and signs references
      • Diagnosis
      • Diagnosis references
      • Treatment
      • Treatment references
      • Prevention
        • Prevention references
      • Key Points
      • Reference
    • Osteomyelitis
      • Etiology
        • Contiguous spread from adjacent infected tissue or open wounds
        • Hematogenously spread osteomyelitis
      • Etiology references
      • Pathophysiology
      • Pathophysiology references
      • Symptoms and Signs
      • Symptoms and signs reference
      • Diagnosis
      • Diagnosis references
      • Treatment
        • Antibiotics
        • Surgery
        • Treatment references
      • Key Points
    Joint Disorders
    • Neuropathic Arthropathy
      • Pathophysiology
      • Symptoms and Signs
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
        • Treatment reference
      • Key Points
    • Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
      • General references
      • Etiology
        • Etiology references
      • Pathophysiology
        • Pathophysiology references
      • Symptoms and Signs
        • Extra-articular manifestations
        • Symptoms and signs references
      • Diagnosis
        • Differential diagnosis
        • Diagnosis references
      • Nonpharmacologic Treatment
        • Lifestyle measures
        • Physical measures
        • Surgery
        • Nonpharmacologic treatment references
      • Pharmacologic Therapy for Rheumatoid Arthritis
        • Conventional synthetic DMARDs
        • Biologic DMARDs
        • Targeted synthetic DMARDs
        • Other immunosuppressive agents
        • Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
        • Corticosteroids
        • Medications for rheumatoid arthritis references
      • Prognosis
        • Prognosis references
      • Key Points
    • Psoriatic Arthritis
      • General references
      • Symptoms and Signs
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
        • Treatment references
      • Key Points
    • Overview of Seronegative Spondyloarthropathies
    • Ankylosing Spondylitis
      • Reference
      • Classification
      • Symptoms and Signs
        • Symptoms and signs reference
      • Diagnosis
        • Differential diagnosis of ankylosing spondylitis
        • Diagnosis references
      • Treatment
      • Prognosis
      • Key Points
      • More Information
    • Reactive Arthritis
      • Etiology
        • Etiology reference
      • Epidemiology
        • Epidemiology references
      • Symptoms and Signs
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
      • Prognosis
      • Key Points
    • Osteoarthritis (OA)
      • References
      • Classification
      • Pathophysiology
      • Symptoms and Signs
      • Diagnosis
        • Diagnosis reference
      • Treatment
        • Physical measures
        • Pharmacologic therapy
        • Surgery
        • Other adjunctive and investigational therapies
        • Treatment references
      • Key Points
      • More Information
    Neck and Back Pain
    • Atlantoaxial Subluxation
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
        • Treatment reference
      • Key Points
    • Spondylolisthesis
      • References
    • Cervical Disc Herniation
      • Symptoms and Signs
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
        • Conservative treatment
        • Surgical procedures
      • Treatment reference
      • Key Points
    • Lumbar Disc Herniation
      • Symptoms and Signs
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
        • Conservative treatment
        • Surgical procedures
      • Treatment references
      • Key Points
    • Cervical Spinal Stenosis
      • Symptoms and Signs
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
        • Treatment references
      • Key Points
    • Overview of Neck and Back Pain
      • Pathophysiology
      • Etiology
        • Common causes
        • Serious uncommon causes
        • Other uncommon causes
      • Evaluation
        • General
        • History
        • Physical examination
        • Red flags
        • Interpretation of findings
        • Testing
        • Evaluation references
      • Treatment
        • Activity modification
        • Analgesics
        • Heat and cold
        • Cervical and lumbar stabilization and exercise
        • Reassurance
        • Other treatment modalities
      • Treatment references
      • Geriatrics Essentials
      • Geriatrics essentials reference
      • Key Points
    • Lumbosacral Radiculopathy
      • Etiology
      • Symptoms and Signs
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
      • Treatment reference
      • Key Points
    • Lumbar Spinal Stenosis
      • Symptoms and Signs
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
        • Treatment references
      • Key Points
    Osteonecrosis
    • Osteonecrosis (ON)
      • General reference
      • Etiology
        • Traumatic osteonecrosis
        • Nontraumatic osteonecrosis
        • Etiology references
      • Pathophysiology
        • Pathophysiology references
      • Symptoms and Signs
        • General symptoms
        • Joint-specific symptoms
      • Diagnosis
        • Diagnosis references
      • Treatment
        • Nonsurgical treatments
        • Surgical treatments
        • Treatment references
      • Prevention
      • Key Points
    Osteoporosis
    • Osteoporosis
      • Pathophysiology
        • Fragility fractures
        • Pathophysiology reference
      • Classification
        • Primary osteoporosis
      • Secondary osteoporosis
      • Classification reference
      • Risk Factors
        • Risk factors references
      • Symptoms and Signs
      • Diagnosis
        • Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)
        • Radiographs
        • Other testing
        • Diagnosis references
      • Treatment
        • Risk factor modification
        • Calcium and vitamin D
        • Antiresorptive medications
        • Anabolic agents
        • Other medications for osteoporosis
        • Monitoring response to treatment
        • Treating pain and maintaining function
        • Treatment references
      • Prevention
      • Key Points
    Paget Disease of Bone
    • Paget Disease of Bone
      • General references
      • Etiology
        • Etiology references
      • Pathophysiology
      • Symptoms and Signs
        • Complications
        • Symptoms and signs reference
      • Diagnosis
        • Diagnosis references
      • Treatment
        • Pharmacologic therapy
        • Treatment references
      • Prognosis
        • Prognosis references
      • Key Points
    Pain in and Around Joints
    • Pain in and Around a Single Joint
      • Pathophysiology
      • Etiology
        • Etiology reference
      • Evaluation
        • History
        • Physical examination
        • Red flags
        • Interpretation of findings
        • Testing
        • Evaluation references
      • Treatment
      • Key Points
    • Pain in Multiple Joints
      • Pathophysiology
      • Etiology
      • Evaluation
        • History
        • Physical examination
        • Red flags
        • Interpretation of findings
        • Testing
      • Treatment
      • Geriatrics Essentials
      • Key Points
    Vasculitis
    • Cutaneous Vasculitis
      • Symptoms and Signs
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
        • Treatment reference
      • Key Points
    • Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (GPA)
      • General references
      • Pathophysiology
      • Symptoms and Signs
      • Diagnosis
        • Diagnosis references
      • Treatment
        • Treatment references
      • Prognosis
        • Prognosis reference
      • Key Points
    • Overview of Vasculitis
      • Etiology
      • Pathophysiology
      • Classification
        • Classification references
      • Symptoms and Signs
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
        • Induction of remission
        • Remission maintenance
      • Key Points
    • Behçet Disease
      • General reference
      • Symptoms and Signs
        • Mucocutaneous
        • Ocular
        • Musculoskeletal
        • Vascular
        • Neurologic and psychiatric
        • Gastrointestinal (GI)
        • Constitutional
        • Symptoms and signs references
      • Diagnosis
        • Differential diagnosis
      • Treatment
        • Mucosal disease
        • Ocular disease
        • Refractory or life-threatening disease
        • Treatment references
      • Prognosis
      • Key Points
    • Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (EGPA)
      • General reference
      • Etiology
        • Etiology reference
      • Symptoms and Signs
      • Diagnosis
        • Diagnosis references
      • Treatment
        • Treatment references
      • Key Points
    • Giant Cell Arteritis
      • General references
      • Pathophysiology
      • Symptoms and Signs
      • Diagnosis
        • Diagnosis references
      • Treatment
        • Treatment references
      • Key Points
    • Immunoglobulin A–Associated Vasculitis (IgAV)
      • Symptoms and Signs
      • Diagnosis
        • Diagnosis reference
      • Treatment
      • Key Points
    • Microscopic Polyangiitis (MPA)
      • General reference
      • Symptoms and Signs
      • Diagnosis
        • Diagnosis reference
      • Treatment
      • Key Points
    • Polyarteritis Nodosa (PAN)
      • General reference
      • Etiology
        • Etiology references
      • Pathophysiology
      • Symptoms and Signs
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
        • Hepatitis B–related polyarteritis nodosa
        • Treatment references
      • Prognosis
        • Prognosis reference
      • Key Points
    • Polymyalgia Rheumatica
      • Symptoms and Signs
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
        • Treatment references
      • Key Points
    • Takayasu Arteritis
      • General reference
      • Etiology
      • Pathophysiology
      • Symptoms and Signs
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
        • Medications
        • Procedures
        • Treatment references
      • Prognosis
      • Key Points
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