Atrial flutter is a rapid regular atrial rhythm due to an atrial macroreentrant circuit. Symptoms include palpitations and sometimes weakness, effort intolerance, dyspnea, and presyncope. Atrial thrombi may form and embolize. Diagnosis is by electrocardiography. Treatment involves rate control with medication, prevention of thromboembolism with anticoagulants, and often conversion to sinus rhythm with medication, cardioversion, or atrial flutter substrate ablation.
(See also Overview of Arrhythmias.)
Atrial flutter is much less common than atrial fibrillation, but its causes and hemodynamic consequences are similar. Many patients with atrial flutter also have periods of atrial fibrillation.
Typical atrial flutter is due to a large reentrant circuit involving most of the right atrium. The atria depolarize at a rate of 250 to 350 beats/minute (typically 300 beats/minute). Because the atrioventricular (AV) node cannot usually conduct at this rate, typically half of the impulses get through (2:1 block), resulting in a regular ventricular rate of 150 beats/minute. Sometimes the block varies from moment to moment, causing an irregular ventricular rhythm. Less commonly, a fixed 3:1, 4:1, or 5:1 block may be present.
The probability of a thromboembolic event is thought to be about half of that in atrial fibrillation (unless atrial fibrillation is also occurring).
Symptoms and Signs of Atrial Flutter
Symptoms of atrial flutter depend primarily on ventricular rate and the nature of any underlying heart disorder. If ventricular rate is < 120 beats/minute and regular, there are likely to be few or no symptoms. Faster rates and variable AV conduction usually cause palpitations, and decreased cardiac output may cause symptoms of hemodynamic compromise (eg, chest discomfort, dyspnea, weakness, syncope). Close inspection of the jugular venous pulse reveals flutter a waves.
Diagnosis of Atrial Flutter
ECG
The diagnosis of atrial flutter is by electrocardiography (ECG). In typical flutter, ECG shows continuous and regular atrial activation with a sawtooth pattern, most obvious in leads II, III, and aVF (see figure Atrial flutter).
Atrial flutter
(Note: Conducted with right bundle branch block.) |
Carotid sinus massage can increase AV block and better expose the typical flutter waves. A similar response may follow pharmacologic AV nodal blockade (eg, with adenosine), but such therapy does not terminate atrial flutter.
Treatment of Atrial Flutter
Rate control with medication
Rhythm control with cardioversion, medication, or ablation
Prevention of thromboembolism
Treatment of atrial flutter focuses on ventricular rate control, rhythm control, and prevention of thromboembolism.
Pharmacologic rate control is more difficult to achieve in atrial flutter than in atrial fibrillation. Thus, for most patients, electrical conversion (using synchronized cardioversion or overdrive pacing) is the treatment of choice for an initial episode and is mandatory with 1:1 AV conduction or hemodynamic compromise. Typically, low-energy (50 joules) conversion is effective. Anticoagulation, as in atrial fibrillation, is necessary before cardioversion.
antiarrhythmic drugs that can restore sinus rhythm (especially class Ia and Ic) can slow atrial flutter, shorten AV nodal refractoriness (by their vagolytic effects), or do both enough to allow 1:1 conduction with paradoxical increase in ventricular rate and hemodynamic compromise. These medications may be used for long-term maintenance as required to prevent recurrence.
An antitachycardia pacing system is an alternative to long-term use of antiarrhythmics and is a rare therapy used in patients with an independent indication for pacing who are ineligible or in whom other approaches to rhythm control have failed. Also, ablation procedures designed to interrupt the atrial reentrant circuit may effectively prevent atrial flutter, particularly typical atrial flutter.
To prevent thromboembolism,thrombin inhibitor, or a factor Xa inhibitor). The choice among the therapies is based on the same considerations as in the treatment of atrial fibrillation.
Key Points
Atrial flutter is a rapid, regular atrial rhythm that rarely may cause an irregular or nontachycardic QRS response, depending on the degree and type of block present.
Anticoagulation is necessary before cardioversion.
Long-term oral anticoagulation to prevent stroke is required for patients with chronic or recurrent atrial flutter.
