Fanconi syndrome can be hereditary or acquired. Hereditary Fanconi syndrome usually accompanies another genetic disorder. Of these accompanying disorders, which of the following is most common?

Cystinosis
Fructose intolerance
Galactosemia
Mitochondrial cytopathies

Overview of Nephritic Syndrome

By

Frank O'Brien

, MD, Washington University in St. Louis

Last full review/revision Jul 2021| Content last modified Jul 2021

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Causes of Glomerulonephritis

Nephritic syndrome is defined by hematuria, variable degrees of proteinuria, usually dysmorphic red blood cells (RBCs), and often RBC casts on microscopic examination of urinary sediment. Often ≥ 1 of the following elements are present: edema, hypertension, elevated serum creatinine, and oliguria. Nephritic syndrome has both primary and secondary causes. Diagnosis is based on history, physical examination, and sometimes renal biopsy. Treatment and prognosis vary by cause.

Nephritic syndrome is a manifestation of glomerular inflammation (glomerulonephritis) and occurs at any age. Causes differ by age (see table Glomerular Disorders by Age and Presentation Glomerular Disorders by Age and Manifestations The hallmark of glomerular disorders is proteinuria, which is often in the nephrotic range (≥ 3 g/day). Glomerular disorders are classified based on urine changes as those that manifest predominantly... read more ), and mechanisms differ by cause. The syndrome can be

Acute (serum creatinine rises over many weeks or less)
Chronic (renal insufficiency may progress over years)

Nephritic syndrome can also be

Primary (idiopathic)
Secondary

Postinfectious glomerulonephritis Postinfectious Glomerulonephritis (PIGN) Postinfectious glomerulonephritis occurs after infection, usually with a nephritogenic strain of group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus. Diagnosis is suggested by history and urinalysis and confirmed... read more is the prototype of acute glomerulonephritis, but the condition may be caused by other glomerulopathies and by systemic disorders such as connective tissue disorders and hematologic dyscrasias (see table Causes of Glomerulonephritis Causes of Glomerulonephritis Nephritic syndrome is defined by hematuria, variable degrees of proteinuria, usually dysmorphic red blood cells (RBCs), and often RBC casts on microscopic examination of urinary sediment. Often... read more ).

Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis (RPGN) Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis is acute nephritic syndrome accompanied by microscopic glomerular crescent formation with progression to renal failure within weeks to months. Diagnosis... read more (RPGN) is an acute glomerulonephritis resulting from the secondary sequelae of inflammatory (crescenteric) glomerulonephritis, of which there are many causes. RPGN is a pathologic diagnosis.

Chronic glomerulonephritis has features similar to those of acute glomerulonephritis but develops slowly and may cause mild to moderate proteinuria. Examples include

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Overview of Glomerular Disorders

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Alport Syndrome

Glomerular Disorders

Overview of Glomerular Disorders

Overview of Nephritic Syndrome

Alport Syndrome

Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy

Postinfectious Glomerulonephritis (PIGN)

Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis (RPGN)

Thin Basement Membrane Disease

Overview of Nephrotic Syndrome

Congenital Nephrotic Syndromes

Diabetic Nephropathy

Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis

HIV-Associated Nephropathy

Membranous Nephropathy

Minimal Change Disease

Fibrillary and Immunotactoid Glomerulopathies

Lupus Nephritis

Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis

Overview of Glomerular Disorders

Alport Syndrome

Minimal Change Disease

Fanconi syndrome can be hereditary or acquired. Hereditary Fanconi syndrome usually accompanies another genetic disorder. Of these accompanying disorders, which of the following is most common?

Cystinosis
Fructose intolerance
Galactosemia
Mitochondrial cytopathies

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