Naegleria fowleri inhabit bodies of warm fresh water worldwide. Swimming in contaminated water exposes nasal mucosa to the organism, which can enter the CNS via olfactory neuroepithelium and the cribriform plate. Most patients are healthy children or young adults.
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms of primary amebic meningoencephalitis begin within 1 to 2 weeks of exposure, sometimes with alteration of smell and taste. Fulminant meningoencephalitis ensues, with headache, meningismus, and mental status change, progressing to death within 10 days, usually due to cerebral herniation. Only a few patients have survived.
Diagnosis
Cerebrospinal fluid examination
Primary amebic meningoencephalitis is suspected based on history of swimming in fresh water, but confirmation is difficult because CT and routine cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) tests, although necessary to exclude other causes, are nonspecific.
Wet mount of fresh, not refrigerated or frozen, CSF should be done; it may demonstrate motile amebic trophozoites (which can be seen in Giemsa-stained specimens but are destroyed by Gram stain techniques).
Immunohistochemistry, amebic culture, polymerase chain reaction of CSF, and/or brain biopsy are available in specialized reference laboratories. Consultation with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) or other experts in the diagnosis of amebic encephalitis is recommended.
Treatment
Multiple drugs, including miltefosine plus antifungal drugs and antibiotics
Optimal treatment is unclear, but it must be started as soon as possible. Consultation with experts at the CDC is recommended (call the CDC Emergency Operations Center at 770-488-7100).
A regimen should include miltefosine, an antileishmanial drug, which has been used in combination with other drugs in the successful treatment of patients with primary amebic meningoencephalitis. Miltefosine has also been used successfully to treat encephalitis due to Balamuthia and Acanthamoeba. Miltefosine is now available commercially.
Other antimicrobial agents that have been used in combination treatment regimens for Naegleria include
Amphotericin B
Rifampin
An azole (fluconazole, voriconazole, or ketoconazole)
Azithromycin
Antiseizure drugs Drug Treatment of Seizures No single drug controls all types of seizures, and different patients require different drugs. Some patients require multiple drugs. (See also the practice guideline for the treatment of refractory... read more and dexamethasone are often needed to control seizures and cerebral edema. Aggressive management of cerebral edema with therapeutic hypothermia (cooling the body below normal body temperature) has also been associated with survival and neurologic recovery in recent cases.
Key Points
Primary amebic meningoencephalitis is rare, usually fatal.
The infection is acquired when swimming in contaminated fresh water; Naegleria fowleri enters the CNS via olfactory neuroepithelium and the cribriform plate.
Diagnostic tests should include a wet mount and Giemsa-stained specimen of CSF.
Treat the infection with multiple antimicrobial agents, including miltefosine; if needed, treat seizures and cerebral edema with antiseizure drugs and dexamethasone.
Survival is rare but, in recent cases, has been attributed to early diagnosis and treatment in combination with aggressive management of cerebral edema.
More Information
The following English-language resource may be useful. Please note that THE MANUAL is not responsible for the content of this resource.
Drugs Mentioned In This Article
| Drug Name | Select Trade |
|---|---|
miltefosine |
IMPAVIDO |
amphotericin b |
Amphocin, Fungizone |
rifampin |
Rifadin, Rifadin IV, Rimactane |
fluconazole |
Diflucan |
voriconazole |
VFEND |
ketoconazole |
Extina, Ketodan, Kuric, Nizoral, Nizoral A-D, Xolegel |
azithromycin |
Azasite, Zithromax, Zithromax Powder, Zithromax Single-Dose , Zithromax Tri-Pak, Zithromax Z-Pak, Zmax, Zmax Pediatric |
dexamethasone |
AK-Dex, Baycadron, Dalalone, Dalalone D.P, Dalalone L.A, Decadron, Decadron-LA, Dexabliss, Dexacort PH Turbinaire, Dexacort Respihaler, DexPak Jr TaperPak, DexPak TaperPak, Dextenza, DEXYCU, DoubleDex, Dxevo, Hemady, HiDex, Maxidex, Ocu-Dex , Ozurdex, ReadySharp Dexamethasone, Simplist Dexamethasone, Solurex, TaperDex, ZCORT, Zema-Pak, ZoDex, ZonaCort 11 Day, ZonaCort 7 Day |
