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Medical Topics
Psychiatry
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Approach to the Patient With Psychiatric Symptoms
Initial Psychiatric Assessment
Reference
History
Mental Status Examination
More Information
Medical Assessment of the Patient With Psychiatric Symptoms
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Interpretation of findings
Testing
Evaluation references
Behavioral Emergencies
Etiology
General Principles
Staff and public safety
General principles references
Seclusion or Physical Restraints
Procedure
Complications
Complications reference
Chemical Restraints
Medications
Adverse effects of benzodiazepines
Adverse effects of antipsychotic medications
Chemical restraints reference
Consent and Involuntary Treatment
Anxiety and Stressor-Related Disorders
Overview of Anxiety Disorders
General references
Etiology
COVID-19–related anxiety
Etiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Signs and symptoms reference
Diagnosis
Cultural factors
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Psychoeducation and relaxation techniques
Psychotherapies
Pharmacotherapy
Treatment of comorbidities
Treatment references
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
General references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment references
Panic Attacks and Panic Disorder
General references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Pharmacotherapy
Psychotherapy
Treatment references
Specific Phobias
General reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Exposure therapy
Pharmacotherapy
Treatment references
Social Anxiety Disorder
General reference
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment reference
Agoraphobia
General reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment references
Acute Stress Disorder (ASD)
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Self-care
Psychotherapy
Pharmacotherapy
Treatment references
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
General reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Self-care
Psychotherapy
Pharmacotherapy
Treatment references
Adjustment Disorders
General reference
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs reference
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Self-care
Psychotherapy
Pharmacotherapy
Treatment reference
Overview of Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders
Dissociative Disorders
Overview of Dissociative Disorders
Distinguishing Dissociative Disorders from Trauma and Stressor-related Disorders
References
Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder
References
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Treatment reference
Prognosis
Prognosis reference
Dissociative Amnesia
References
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs reference
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment reference
Prognosis
Prognosis reference
Dissociative Fugue
Dissociative Identity Disorder
References
Etiology
Etiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Multiple identities
Amnesia
Other symptoms
Symptoms and signs reference
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Prognosis
Dissociative Subtype of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
General references
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment references
Prognosis
Prognosis reference
Feeding and Eating Disorders
Introduction to Feeding and Eating Disorders
References
Risk Factors
Etiology references
Anorexia Nervosa
References
Risk Factors
Risk factors references
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs reference
Complications
Diagnosis
Differential diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Treatment references
Prognosis
Prognosis references
Key Points
Bulimia Nervosa
General references
Symptoms and Signs
Complications
Complications references
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Binge-Eating Disorder
References
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs references
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID)
Reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment reference
Key Points
Pica
References
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Key Points
Rumination Disorder
References
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment reference
Key Points
Mood Disorders
Overview of Mood Disorders
General references
Symptoms and Episodic Patterns
Depression
Mania
Hypomania
Mixed features
Symptoms and signs references
Comorbidities and Complications
Suicide in mood disorders
Other complications or comorbidities of mood disorders
Comorbidities and complications references
Depressive Disorders
Demoralization and grief
General references
Etiology and Risk Factors
Etiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Major depressive disorder (unipolar depressive disorder)
Persistent depressive disorder
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
Prolonged grief disorder
Symptoms and signs references
Diagnosis
General diagnostic considerations
Major depressive disorder
Persistent depressive disorder
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
Prolonged grief disorder
Other depressive disorders
Specifiers
Diagnosis reference
Screening for Depressive Disorders
Treatment
Initial support
Psychotherapy
Pharmacotherapy for depression
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
Phototherapy
Other therapies
Treatment references
Key Points
Medications for Treatment of Depression
Choice and Initiation of Antidepressants
Choice and administration of antidepressants reference
Classes of Antidepressant Medications
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
Serotonin modulators (5-HT2 blockers)
Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)
Norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor
N
-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist/sigma-1 agonist
Heterocyclic antidepressants (HCAs)
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
Melatonergic antidepressant
Ketamine and esketamine
Classes of antidepressant medications references
Antidepressants and Suicide Risk
Antidepressants and suicide risk references
Cyclothymic Disorder
General reference
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment reference
Bipolar Disorders
General references
Etiology
Etiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs references
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Pharmacotherapy for bipolar disorder
Support and psychotherapy
Other treatments
Treatment references
Key Points
Medications for Treatment of Bipolar Disorders
General reference
Mood Stabilizers
Lithium
Antiseizure medications
Mood stabilizers references
Antipsychotics
Antipsychotics reference
Antidepressants
Antidepressants references
Precautions During Pregnancy
Precautions during pregnancy references
Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
General references
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and sign references
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Trichotillomania
General references
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs reference
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Excoriation (Skin-Picking) Disorder
General references
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs reference
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Body-Focused Repetitive Behavior Disorder
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment reference
Key Points
Olfactory Reference Disorder
General references
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs references
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Hoarding Disorder
References
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs references
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)
General references
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs references
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Paraphilias and Paraphilic Disorders
Overview of Paraphilias and Paraphilic Disorders
References
Exhibitionistic Disorder
General references
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Fetishistic Disorder
General reference
Treatment
Treatment reference
Pedophilic Disorder
General references
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Medications
Treatment references
Sexual Masochism Disorder
Autoerotic asphyxiation (asphyxiophilia)
General references
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment references
Sexual Sadism Disorder
General references
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment reference
Transvestic Disorder
General references
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Voyeuristic Disorder
General references
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Frotteuristic Disorder
General references
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment references
Personality Disorders
Overview of Personality Disorders
Types of Personality Disorders
General references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
General principles for treatment
Key Points
Paranoid Personality Disorder (PPD)
General references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Differential diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment reference
Schizoid Personality Disorder (ScPD)
General references
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Differential diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Schizotypal Personality Disorder (STPD)
General references
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Differential diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment reference
Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD)
General references
Etiology
Etiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Differential diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment reference
Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)
General references
Etiology
Etiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs reference
Diagnosis
Differential diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Psychotherapy
Medications
Treatment references
Histrionic Personality Disorder (HPD)
General references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Differential diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD)
General references
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Differential diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment references
Avoidant Personality Disorder (AVPD)
General references
Etiology
Etiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Differential diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment reference
Dependent Personality Disorder (DPD)
General reference
Etiology
Etiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Differential diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD)
General references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Differential diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment references
Schizophrenia and Related Disorders
Schizoaffective Disorder
Reference
Treatment
Treatment reference
Antipsychotic Medications
References
First-Generation Antipsychotics (FGAs)
References
Second-Generation Antipsychotics (SGAs)
References
Emerging and Investigational Antipsychotic Medications
References
Long-Acting Formulations
Treatment of Adverse Effects of Antipsychotic Medications
Treatment references
Introduction to Schizophrenia and Related Disorders
Brief Psychotic Disorder
References
Delusional Disorder
References
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment reference
Prognosis
Schizophrenia
References
Etiology
Neurodevelopmental vulnerability
Environmental stressors
Etiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Phases of schizophrenia
Symptom categories in schizophrenia
Subtypes of schizophrenia
Risk of suicide
Risk of violence
Symptoms references
Diagnosis
Differential diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Rehabilitation and community support services
Psychotherapy
Disease course
Treatment references
Prognosis
Prognosis references
Key Points
Schizophreniform Disorder
References
Substance- or Medication-Induced Psychotic Disorder
References
Treatment
Reference
Psychotic Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition
References
Other Schizophrenia Spectrum and Psychotic Disorders
Reference
Shared Delusions
Reference
Gender Incongruence and Gender Dysphoria
Gender Incongruence and Gender Dysphoria
General references
Epidemiology
Epidemiology references
Etiology
Etiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms in adults
Symptoms in children
Symptoms and signs references
Diagnosis
Assessment and diagnosis in all age groups
Diagnosis of gender dysphoria in adults and adolescents
Diagnosis of gender dysphoria in children
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Individuals assigned male at birth (AMAB)
Individuals assigned female at birth (AFAB)
Nonbinary and other gender-diverse individuals
Gender dysphoria in children and adolescents
Treatment references
Key Points
Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders
Overview of Somatization
Reference
Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Illness Anxiety Disorder
Reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment reference
Factitious Disorder Imposed on Self
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Reference
Treatment
Factitious Disorder Imposed on Another
Reference
Psychological Factors Affecting Other Medical Conditions
Reference
Somatic Symptom Disorder
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Suicidal Behavior
Suicidal Behavior
Reference
Epidemiology
Epidemiology references
Methods
Methods references
Risk Factors
Antidepressant Medications and Suicide Risk
Risk factors references
Prevention
Prevention references
Treatment
Psychotherapy
Pharmacologic and Other Treatments
Treatment references
Support For Those Impacted By Suicide
Support references
More Information
Substance-Related Disorders
Overview of Substance Use
Scheduled drugs (controlled substances)
References
Substance Use Disorders
Physiologic Effects of Substance Use
Intoxication
Withdrawal
References
Etiology
Drug
User
Setting
Etiology references
Diagnosis
Specific substance use disorders
Specific substance intoxication syndromes
Specific substance withdrawal syndromes
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment references
Screening
Screening references
Prevention
Key Points
Substance-Related Psychiatric Disorders
References
