Metabolic Dysfunction–Associated Liver Disease (MASLD)

Steatotic liver disease develops for many reasons, involves many different biochemical mechanisms, and causes different types of liver damage. Pathophysiology involves fat accumulation (steatosis), inflammation, and, variably, fibrosis. Steatosis results from hepatic triglyceride accumulation. Possible mechanisms for steatosis include reduced synthesis of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and increased hepatic triglyceride synthesis (possibly due to decreased oxidation of fatty acids or increased free fatty acids being delivered to the liver). Inflammation may result from lipid peroxidative damage to cell membranes. These changes can stimulate hepatic stellate cells, resulting in fibrosis Hepatic Fibrosis Hepatic fibrosis is overly exuberant wound healing in which excessive connective tissue builds up in the liver. The extracellular matrix is overproduced, degraded deficiently, or both. The trigger... read more . If advanced, MASH can cause cirrhosis Cirrhosis Cirrhosis is a late stage of hepatic fibrosis that has resulted in widespread distortion of normal hepatic architecture. Cirrhosis is characterized by regenerative nodules surrounded by dense... read more and portal hypertension Portal Hypertension Portal hypertension is elevated pressure in the portal vein. It is caused most often by cirrhosis (in North America), schistosomiasis (in endemic areas), or hepatic vascular abnormalities. Consequences... read more .

Most patients are asymptomatic. However, some have fatigue, malaise, or right upper quadrant abdominal discomfort. Hepatomegaly develops in about 75% of patients. Splenomegaly may develop if advanced hepatic fibrosis Hepatic Fibrosis Hepatic fibrosis is overly exuberant wound healing in which excessive connective tissue builds up in the liver. The extracellular matrix is overproduced, degraded deficiently, or both. The trigger... read more is present and is usually the first indication that portal hypertension Portal Hypertension Portal hypertension is elevated pressure in the portal vein. It is caused most often by cirrhosis (in North America), schistosomiasis (in endemic areas), or hepatic vascular abnormalities. Consequences... read more has developed. Patients with cirrhosis Cirrhosis Cirrhosis is a late stage of hepatic fibrosis that has resulted in widespread distortion of normal hepatic architecture. Cirrhosis is characterized by regenerative nodules surrounded by dense... read more due to MASH can be asymptomatic and may lack the usual signs of chronic liver disease.

The diagnosis of MASH should be suspected in patients with metabolic syndrome Metabolic Syndrome Metabolic syndrome is characterized by a large waist circumference (due to excess abdominal adipose tissue), hypertension, abnormal fasting plasma glucose or insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia... read more (typically obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus or a high fasting plasma glucose level, hypertension, and dyslipidemia) and in patients with unexplained laboratory abnormalities suggesting liver disease. Differentiating simple steatosis from MASH can be difficult and elevated liver enzymes are not a sensitive predictor for identifying MASH. The presence of metabolic syndrome as well as elevated ferritin increases the likelihood that a patient has MASH rather than simple steatosis. Further, clinical scoring systems such as the FIB4 score, MASLD fibrosis score calculator or laboratory MASH FibroSure® can identify patients at risk for fibrosis and thus those more likely to have MASH and be at risk for progression to cirrhosis Cirrhosis Cirrhosis is a late stage of hepatic fibrosis that has resulted in widespread distortion of normal hepatic architecture. Cirrhosis is characterized by regenerative nodules surrounded by dense... read more . When liver enzymes are elevated the most common laboratory abnormalities are elevations in aminotransferase levels. Unlike in alcohol-related liver disease Alcohol-Related Liver Disease Alcohol consumption is high in most Western countries. According to a survey using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) definition of alcohol... read more , the ratio of aspartate aminotransferase (AST)/alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in MASH is usually < 1. Alkaline phosphatase and gamma–glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) occasionally increase. Hyperbilirubinemia, prolongation of prothrombin time (PT), and hypoalbuminemia are uncommon.

For diagnosis, strong evidence (such as a history corroborated by friends and relatives) that alcohol intake is not excessive (eg, is < 20 g/day) is needed, and serologic tests Serology Acute viral hepatitis is diffuse liver inflammation caused by specific hepatotropic viruses that have diverse modes of transmission and epidemiologies. A nonspecific viral prodrome is followed... read more should show absence of hepatitis B and C (ie, hepatitis B surface antigen and hepatitis C virus antibody should be negative). Liver biopsy reveals damage similar to that seen in alcoholic hepatitis, usually including large fat droplets (macrovesicular fatty infiltration) as well as pericellular or "chicken wire" fibrosis. Indications for biopsy include unexplained signs of portal hypertension Portal Hypertension Portal hypertension is elevated pressure in the portal vein. It is caused most often by cirrhosis (in North America), schistosomiasis (in endemic areas), or hepatic vascular abnormalities. Consequences... read more (eg, splenomegaly, cytopenia) and unexplained elevations in aminotransferase levels that persist for > 6 months in a patient with diabetes, obesity, or dyslipidemia.

Liver imaging tests Imaging Tests of the Liver and Gallbladder Imaging is essential for accurately diagnosing biliary tract disorders and is important for detecting focal liver lesions (eg, abscess, tumor). It is limited in detecting and diagnosing diffuse... read more , including ultrasonography, CT, and particularly MRI, may identify hepatic steatosis. Noninvasive measures of fibrosis such as transient elastography (a test that uses both ultrasound and low-frequency elastic waves), ultrasound elastography Ultrasonography , or MR elastography can assess severity of steatosis as well as estimate fibrosis, thereby obviating the need for liver biopsy in many cases (1, 2 Diagnosis references Steatotic liver disease is due to excessive accumulation of lipid in hepatocytes. Metabolic dysfunction–associated liver disease (MASLD) includes simple fatty infiltration (a benign condition... read more ). Transient elastography and ultrasound elastography can be limited by body habitus (too big/fat for ultrasound waves to penetrate adequately), whereas MR elastography is not. However, these tests cannot identify the inflammation typical of MASH and cannot differentiate MASH from other causes of hepatic steatosis.

The only widely accepted treatment goal is to eliminate potential causes and risk factors. Such a goal may include discontinuation of drugs or toxins, weight loss, and treatment for dyslipidemia Treatment Dyslipidemia is elevation of plasma cholesterol, triglycerides (TGs), or both, or a low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level that contributes to the development of atherosclerosis... read more or treatment for hyperglycemia Treatment Diabetes mellitus is impaired insulin secretion and variable degrees of peripheral insulin resistance leading to hyperglycemia. Early symptoms are related to hyperglycemia and include polydipsia... read more . Preliminary evidence suggests that thiazolidinediones and vitamin E can help correct biochemical and histologic abnormalities in MASH but does not improve fibrosis. Further, vitamin E is contraindicated in patients with diabetes, which limits its usefulness. Many other treatments (eg, ursodeoxycholic acid, metronidazole, metformin, betaine, glucagon, glutamine infusion) have not been proved definitively effective.

There are currently many emerging therapies for MASH targeting several different molecular pathways including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-alpha), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) modulators, and farnesoid X receptor (FXR) ligands. These new therapies show promise with respect to both resolution of MASH as well as reversal of preexisting fibrosis. Further study with several phase 3 clinical trials is ongoing.

Prognosis is driven by degree of fibrosis Hepatic Fibrosis Hepatic fibrosis is overly exuberant wound healing in which excessive connective tissue builds up in the liver. The extracellular matrix is overproduced, degraded deficiently, or both. The trigger... read more and is the only measure that correlates with liver-related mortality and need for liver transplantation (1 Prognosis references Steatotic liver disease is due to excessive accumulation of lipid in hepatocytes. Metabolic dysfunction–associated liver disease (MASLD) includes simple fatty infiltration (a benign condition... read more ). Prognosis is hard to predict, although patients with MASLD who have MASH on histology and evidence of fibrosis Hepatic Fibrosis Hepatic fibrosis is overly exuberant wound healing in which excessive connective tissue builds up in the liver. The extracellular matrix is overproduced, degraded deficiently, or both. The trigger... read more are more likely to develop cirrhosis (2 Prognosis references Steatotic liver disease is due to excessive accumulation of lipid in hepatocytes. Metabolic dysfunction–associated liver disease (MASLD) includes simple fatty infiltration (a benign condition... read more ). It has been estimated that 10% of patients with MASLD progress to cirrhosis Cirrhosis Cirrhosis is a late stage of hepatic fibrosis that has resulted in widespread distortion of normal hepatic architecture. Cirrhosis is characterized by regenerative nodules surrounded by dense... read more over a 20-year period (3 Prognosis references Steatotic liver disease is due to excessive accumulation of lipid in hepatocytes. Metabolic dysfunction–associated liver disease (MASLD) includes simple fatty infiltration (a benign condition... read more ). Alcohol as well as some drugs (eg, cytotoxic drugs) and metabolic disorders are associated with acceleration of metabolic dysfunction–associated steatohepatitis (MASH). As a result, even modest alcohol use should be avoided given the risk of accelerated progression to fibrosis. Prognosis is often good unless complications (eg, variceal hemorrhage Varices Varices are dilated veins in the distal esophagus or proximal stomach caused by elevated pressure in the portal venous system, typically from cirrhosis. They may bleed massively but cause no... read more ) develop.