Rubeola virus

Measles

Encephalomyelitis

Central nervous system involvement (rare)

Global

Prevalence increasing due to decrease in vaccination

None

Vaccines

Rubella virus

German measles

Birth defects due to infection during pregnancy

Universal

None

Vaccines

Human parvovirus B19

Erythema infectiosum (fifth disease)

Rash (red rash on cheeks more common in children), malaise, arthritis (polyarthropathy more common in adults)

Hydrops fetalis (infection during pregnancy)

Anemia (transient aplastic crisis in immunocompromised hosts or patients with hemoglobinopathies)

Sporadic outbreaks

IV immune globulin (for severe anemia)

None

Human herpesvirus type 6

Roseola infantum (exanthem subitum)

Widespread

Affects young children

None

None

Varicella-zoster virus

Chickenpox

Before vaccine, almost universal in children, occasionally in adults

Immune globulins, vaccine

Zoster

Common in adults, resulting from reactivation of latent virus

Vaccine

Pox viruses

Smallpox (variola virus)

Natural disease eradicated

Vaccine

Mpox (monkeypox)

Global outbreak in 2022

Person-to-person transmission occurs through prolonged close contact

Vaccines

Avoiding direct physical contact with infected individuals

Alphaviruses (some)

Chikungunya disease (acute febrile illness followed by more chronic polyarthritis)

Transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes

Africa, Southeast Asia, India, Europe, the Americas

None

None

Mayaro disease (a dengue-like disease)

Mosquito-borne

South America, Trinidad, Haiti

None

None

Ross River virus disease (epidemic polyarthritis)

Aedes mosquitoes

Australia, Papua New Guinea, South Pacific

None

None

Molluscum contagiosum virus

Molluscum contagiosum papules

Genital (adults)

Exposed skin (children)

More severe (AIDS patients)

Cryotherapy, curettage

None