Congenital Anomalies of the Kidney and Urinary Tract

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• Overview of Congenital Anomalies of the Kidney and Urinary Tract

• Kidney Anomalies
  • Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease
    • ARPKD references
  • Duplication Anomalies
  • Fusion Anomalies
    • Horseshoe kidney
    • Crossed fused renal ectopia (cross fused ectopic kidney)
    • Fused pelvic kidney (pancake kidney)
    • Fusion anomalies reference
  • Kidney Malrotation
  • Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney
  • Renal Agenesis
    • Renal agenesis references
  • Renal Dysplasia
    • Renal dysplasia reference
  • Renal Ectopia
  • Renal Hypoplasia

• Ureteral Anomalies
  • Reference
  • Ectopic Ureteral Orifices
  • Retrocaval Ureter
  • Ureter Duplication Anomalies
  • Ureteral Stenosis
  • Ureterocele

• Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR)
  • General reference
  • Etiology
  • Pathophysiology
    • Pathophysiology reference
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis reference
  • Treatment
    • Monitoring
    • Treatment references
  • Key Points

• Bladder Anomalies
  • Bladder Diverticulum
  • Bladder Exstrophy
  • Megacystis Syndrome
  • Neurogenic Bladder in Children
    • Neurogenic bladder references

• Prune-Belly Syndrome (Triad Syndrome)
  • Treatment
    • Treatment reference

• Urethral Anomalies
  • Epispadias
  • Hypospadias
  • Urethral Meatal Stenosis
  • Urethral Stricture in Children
  • Urethral Duplications and Triplications
  • Urethral Valves
  • Urethral Prolapse

• Penile Anomalies
  • Chordee
  • Phimosis and Paraphimosis in Children
  • Other Penile Anomalies

• Testicular and Scrotal Anomalies
  • Congenital Hydrocele
  • Neonatal Testicular Torsion
    • Neonatal testicular torsion reference

• Cryptorchidism
  • General reference
  • Pathophysiology
    • Complications of cryptorchidism
    • Pathophysiology reference
  • Etiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Key Points

• Vaginal Anomalies
  • Vaginal Agenesis
  • Vaginal Duplication and Fusion Anomalies
  • Imperforate Hymen
    • References