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Merck Manual
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Pulmonary Disorders
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Related Disorders
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Related Disorders
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
General reference
Epidemiology
Epidemiology references
Etiology
Smoking and other inhalational exposures
Genetic factors
Etiology references
Pathophysiology
Inflammation
Infection
Airflow limitation
Complications
Pathophysiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Acute exacerbations
Diagnosis
Pulmonary function tests
Imaging tests
Adjunctive tests
Evaluation of exacerbations
Diagnosis references
Treatment
End-of-life care
Prognosis
Prognosis reference
Key Points
Treatment of Stable COPD
Smoking Cessation
Smoking cessation reference
Medication Therapy
Beta-agonists
Anticholinergics
Inhaled corticosteroids
Theophylline
Phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors
Macrolide antibiotics
Medication therapy references
Oxygen Therapy
Oxygen administration
Oxygen therapy reference
Vaccinations
Nutrition
Nutrition reference
Pulmonary Rehabilitation
Pulmonary rehabilitation reference
Surgery
Lung volume reduction surgery
Endobronchial valve placement
Lung transplantation
Surgery references
Key Points
Treatment of Acute COPD Exacerbation
Oxygen Supplementation
Ventilatory Assistance
Ventilatory assistance references
Medication Therapy
Beta-agonists
Anticholinergic agents
Corticosteroids
Antibiotics
Other medications
Medication therapy reference
Key Points
Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency
Pathophysiology
Liver
Lungs
Other tissues
Pathophysiology references
Classification
Classification reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment reference
Prognosis
Key Points