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MEDICAL TOPICSRESOURCESDRUG INFOCOMMENTARYPROCEDURESQUIZZESABOUT US
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  1. <Medical Topics
    Special Subjects
    Care of the Surgical Patient
    • Preoperative Evaluation
      • History
      • Physical examination
      • Testing
      • General references
      • Procedural Risk Factors
      • Patient Risk Factors
        • Cardiac risk factors
        • History of ischemic stroke
        • Infections
        • Fluid and electrolyte imbalances
        • Nutritional disorders
        • Age
        • Patient risk factor references
      • More Information
    • Perioperative Management
      • Preoperative Medication and Comorbidity Management
        • Anticoagulants and antiplatelets
        • Corticosteroids
        • Other medications for chronic disorders
        • Diabetes
        • Heart disease
        • Pulmonary disease
        • Substance use
        • References
      • Preparation on Day of Surgery
        • Oral intake and bowel preparation
        • Preprocedural checklist
        • Preparation on day of surgery reference
    • Prevention of Surgical Site Infection
      • References
      • More Information
    • Postoperative Care
      • Airway and respiratory function
      • Fluids and hemodynamic status
      • Thromboembolism prophylaxis
      • Pain management
      • Mental status
      • Urinary retention and constipation
      • Wound care
      • Fever
      • Return to normal activity
      • Discharge precautions
      • References
    Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
    • Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
      • References
      • Etiology
      • Symptoms and Signs
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
        • Treatment references
      • Prognosis
      • Key Points
      • More Information
    Clinical Decision Making
    • Introduction to Clinical Decision Making
      • General reference
    • Evidence-Based Medicine and Clinical Guidelines
      • Evidence-Based Medicine
        • Formulating a clinical question
        • Gathering evidence to answer the question
        • Evaluating the quality and validity of the evidence
        • Deciding how to apply the evidence to the care of a given patient
        • Limitations of the evidence-based approach
        • Evidence-based medicine references
      • Clinical Guidelines
    • Clinical Decision-Making Strategies
      • Hypothesis Generation
        • Probability and odds
      • Hypothesis Testing
        • Hypothesis testing reference
      • Probability Estimations and the Testing Threshold
      • Probability Estimations and the Treatment Threshold
        • Limitations of quantitative decision methods
    • Cognitive Errors in Clinical Decision Making
      • Reference
      • Types of Cognitive Error
        • Availability error
        • Representation error
        • Premature closure
        • Anchoring errors
        • Confirmation bias
        • Attribution errors
        • Affective error
      • Risk Factors for Cognitive Error
      • Minimizing cognitive errors
    • Understanding Medical Tests and Test Results
      • Reference
      • Defining a Positive Test Result
        • Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves
      • Test Characteristics
        • Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values
        • Likelihood ratios (LRs)
      • Dichotomous Tests
        • Pre-test probability
      • Continuous Tests
      • Bayes Theorem
        • Odds-likelihood calculation
        • Odds-likelihood nomogram
        • Tabular approach
      • Sequential Testing
      • Screening Tests
        • Multiple screening tests
      • Testing Thresholds
    • Economic Analyses in Clinical Decision Making
      • Cost
        • Marginal cost
      • Outcome
        • Quality-adjusted life year (QALY)
        • Number needed to treat
        • Clinically vs statistically significant outcome
      • Cost-Benefit Analysis
        • Marginal cost-effectiveness ratio
    • Electronic Health Records (EHR) and Clinical Decision Support
      • References
      • More Information
    Dietary Supplements
    • Overview of Dietary Supplements
      • Definition
      • Labeling
      • Safety and Efficacy
      • Purity and Standardization
      • Other Concerns
        • Reference
      • More Information
    • Black Cohosh
      • Claims
      • Evidence
      • Adverse Effects
      • Drug Interactions
      • References
      • More Information
    • Chamomile
      • Claims
      • Evidence
      • Adverse Effects
      • Drug Interactions
      • References
      • More Information
    • Chondroitin Sulfate
      • Claims
      • Evidence
      • Adverse Effects
      • Drug Interactions
      • References
      • More Information
    • Chromium
      • Claims
      • Evidence
      • Adverse Effects
      • Drug Interactions
      • References
      • More Information
    • Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10)
      • Claims
      • Evidence
      • Adverse Effects
      • Drug Interactions
      • References
      • More Information
    • Cranberry
      • Claims
      • Evidence
      • Adverse Effects
      • Drug Interactions
      • References
      • More Information
    • Creatine
      • Claims
      • Evidence
      • Adverse Effects
      • Drug Interactions
      • References
      • More Information
    • Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
      • Claims
      • Evidence
      • Adverse Effects
      • Drug Interactions
      • References
      • More Information
    • Echinacea
      • Claims
      • Evidence
      • Adverse Effects
      • Drug Interactions
      • References
      • More Information
    • Feverfew
      • Claims
      • Evidence
      • Adverse Effects
      • Drug Interactions
      • References
      • More Information
    • Fish Oil
      • Claims
      • Evidence
      • Adverse Effects
      • Drug Interactions
      • References
      • More Information
    • Garlic
      • Claims
      • Evidence
      • Adverse Effects
      • Drug Interactions
      • References
      • More Information
    • Ginger
      • Claims
      • Evidence
      • Adverse Effects
      • Drug Interactions
      • References
      • More Information
    • Ginkgo
      • Claims
      • Evidence
      • Adverse Effects
      • Drug Interactions
      • References
      • More Information
    • Ginseng
      • Claims
      • Evidence
      • Adverse Effects
      • Drug Interactions
      • References
      • More Information
    • Glucosamine
      • Claims
      • Evidence
      • Adverse Effects
      • Drug Interactions
      • References
      • More Information
    • Goldenseal
      • Claims
      • Evidence
      • Adverse Effects
      • Drug Interactions
      • References
      • More Information
    • Green Tea
      • Claims
      • Evidence
      • Adverse Effects
      • Drug Interactions
      • References
      • More Information
    • Kava
      • Claims
      • Evidence
      • Adverse Effects
      • Drug Interactions
      • References
      • More Information
    • Licorice
      • Claims
      • Evidence
      • Adverse Effects
      • Drug Interactions
      • References
      • More Information
    • Melatonin
      • Claims
      • Evidence
      • Adverse Effects
      • Drug Interactions
      • References
      • More Information
    • Milk Thistle
      • Claims
      • Evidence
      • Adverse Effects
      • Drug Interactions
      • References
      • More Information
    • S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine
      • Claims
      • Evidence
      • Adverse Effects
      • Drug Interactions
      • References
      • More Information
    • Saw Palmetto
      • Claims
      • Evidence
      • Adverse Effects
      • Drug Interactions
      • References
      • More Information
    • St. John’s Wort
      • Claims
      • Evidence
      • Adverse Effects
      • Drug Interactions
      • References
      • More Information
    • Valerian
      • Claims
      • Evidence
      • Adverse Effects
      • Drug Interactions
      • References
      • More Information
    • Zinc Supplements
      • Claims
      • Evidence
      • Adverse Effects
      • Drug Interactions
      • References
      • More Information
    • Apoaequorin
      • Claims
      • Evidence
      • Adverse Effects
      • Drug Interactions
      • References
    • Ashwagandha
      • Claims
      • Evidence
      • Adverse Effects
      • Drug Interactions
      • References
      • More Information
    • Astragalus
      • Claims
      • Evidence
      • Adverse Effects
      • Drug Interactions
      • References
      • More Information
    • Bacopa
      • Claims
      • Evidence
      • Adverse Effects
      • Drug Interactions
      • References
    • Cannabidiol (CBD)
      • Claims
      • Evidence
      • Adverse Effects
      • Drug Interactions
      • References
      • More Information
    • Holy Basil
      • Claims
      • Evidence
      • Adverse Effects
      • Drug Interactions
      • References
    • Intravenous Vitamin Therapy (Myers' Cocktail)
      • Claims
      • Evidence
      • Adverse Effects
      • Drug Interactions
      • References
    • Reishi
      • Claims
      • Evidence
      • Adverse Effects
      • Drug Interactions
      • References
    • Rhodiola
      • Claims
      • Evidence
      • Adverse Effects
      • Drug Interactions
      • References
      • More Information
    Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault
    • Medical Examination of the Sexual Assault Victim
      • General references
      • Symptoms and Signs
      • Symptoms and signs reference
      • Evaluation
        • History and examination
        • Testing and evidence collection
      • Evaluation references
      • Treatment
        • Psychological support
        • Prevention or treatment of infections
        • Prevention of pregnancy
        • Treatment references
      • Key Points
    • Domestic Violence
      • General references
      • Effects
        • Effects reference
      • Evaluation
        • Evaluation references
      • Management
      • Key Points
      • More Information
    The Dying Patient
    • The Dying Patient
      • General references
      • Communication and Clarification of Goals
      • Palliative Care and Hospice
        • Palliative care
        • Hospice
        • Palliative care and hospice reference
      • Advance Planning for Imminent Death
      • Financial Concerns and Disability
      • Legal and Ethical Concerns
        • Legal and ethical concerns references
      • Supporting Caregivers after Death
      • More Information
    • Symptom Relief for the Dying Patient
      • Pain
      • Opioid therapy
      • Other adjunctive therapies
      • Pain references
      • Dyspnea
      • Anorexia
        • Anorexia reference
      • Nausea and Vomiting
      • Constipation
      • Constipation reference
      • Pressure Injuries
      • Delirium and Confusion
        • Delirium and confusion reference
      • Frailty, Dementia, and Neuromuscular Diseases
      • Depression and Suicide
        • Depression and suicide reference
      • Stress and Grief
    Exercise
    • Overview of Exercise
      • Overview reference
      • Pre-Exercise Medical Evaluation
      • Stretching and Flexibility
        • Stretching and flexibility references
      • Aerobic Exercise
        • Aerobic exercise references
      • Strength Training
      • Balance Training
      • Hydration
    • Exercise in Older Adults
      • Contraindications
      • Screening
      • Exercise program
      • References
    General Principles of Medical Genetics
    • Overview of Genetics
      • Structure
        • Structure reference
      • Gene Function
      • Gene function references
      • Epigenetic factors
      • Traits and Inheritance Patterns
        • Construction of a family pedigree
      • Key Points
    • Single-Gene Defects
      • Reference
      • Autosomal Dominant
      • Autosomal Recessive
      • X-Linked Dominant
      • X-Linked Recessive
    • Factors Affecting Gene Expression
      • Penetrance and expressivity
      • Sex-limited inheritance
      • Genomic imprinting
      • Codominance
      • Chromosomal inactivation
      • Key Points
    • Multifactorial (Complex) Inheritance
    • DNA Variants and Mutations
      • Mutations and polymorphisms
      • Mosaicism
      • Extra or missing chromosomes
      • Uniparental disomy
      • Chromosomal translocation
      • Triplet repeat disorders (trinucleotide repeat disorders)
      • Anticipation
      • Key Points
      • Reference
    • Mitochondrial DNA Abnormalities
      • Key Points
      • Reference
    • Genetic Diagnostic Technologies
    • Clinical Applications of Genetics
      • Diagnosis
      • Genetic Screening
      • Treatment
        • Pharmacogenomics
        • Gene therapy
      • Key Points
    • Ethical Controversies in Genetics
    Idiopathic Environmental Intolerance
    • Idiopathic Environmental Intolerance
      • General reference
      • Etiology
        • Triggers
        • Mechanism
        • Etiology reference
      • Symptoms and Signs
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
        • Treatment references
      • Key Points
    Integrative, Complementary, and Alternative Medicine
    • Overview of Integrative, Complementary, and Alternative Medicine
      • General references
      • Efficacy
        • Research
        • Efficacy references
      • Safety
        • Safety reference
      • More Information
    • Types of Complementary and Alternative Medicine
      • Whole Medical Systems
      • Mind-Body Medicine
      • Biologically Based Practices
      • Manipulative and Body-Based Practices
      • Energy Medicine
    • Ayurveda
      • Evidence for Ayurveda
      • Uses for Ayurveda
      • Possible Adverse Effects
      • References
    • Homeopathy
      • Regulation of Homeopathy
      • Evidence for Homeopathy
        • Evidence references
      • Uses of Homeopathy
      • Possible Adverse Effects
        • Possible adverse effects reference
    • Naturopathy
      • Evidence for Naturopathy
      • References
    • Traditional Chinese Medicine
      • Evidence for Traditional Chinese Medicine
      • Possible Adverse Effects
      • References
    • Biofeedback
      • Uses for Biofeedback
      • References
    • Guided Imagery
      • Uses for Guided Imagery
      • References
    • Hypnotherapy
      • Uses for Hypnotherapy
        • References
    • Meditation
      • Uses for Meditation
      • References
    • Relaxation Techniques
      • Reference
    • Chelation Therapy
      • References
    • Diet Therapy
      • Intermittent Fasting
        • Intermittent fasting references
      • Macrobiotic Diet
        • Macrobiotic diet references
      • Ornish Diet
        • Ornish diet reference
      • Paleo Diet
        • Paleo diet references
      • Keto Diet
        • Keto diet references
    • Chiropractic
      • Uses for Chiropractic
      • Possible Adverse Effects
      • References
    • Massage Therapy
      • References
    • Reflexology
      • References
    • Acupuncture
      • Evidence and Uses
      • Possible Adverse Effects and Contraindications
      • References
    • Magnets
      • Evidence and Uses
      • Possible Contraindications
      • References
    • Therapeutic Touch
      • References
    • Cupping
      • References
    • Moxibustion
      • References
    • Reiki
      • References
    • Scraping
      • References
    Limb Prosthetics
    • Prosthetic Components
      • Interface between the residual limb and prosthesis
      • Integrated suspension system
      • Structural components of a limb prosthesis
      • Cover and appearance of a limb prosthesis
    • Preparing for a Limb Prosthesis
      • Preoperative Management
      • Postoperative and Preprosthetic Considerations
        • Preparatory prosthesis
        • Learning to use a limb prosthesis
    • Fitting the Prosthesis
    • Skin Care of the Residual Limb
      • Risk factors for skin problems
      • Skin breakdown
      • Skin infection
      • Other skin problems
    • Edema of the Residual Limb
    • Loosening of the Prosthesis
    • Pain in the Residual Limb
      • General reference
      • Etiology
        • Phantom limb pain
        • Phantom limb sensation
        • Persistent residual limb pain
      • Evaluation
      • Treatment
        • Transcutaneous osseointegration
        • Treatment reference
    • Options for Limb Prostheses
      • Upper Extremity Prostheses
        • General types of upper extremity prosthesis
        • Partial-hand prostheses
        • Wrist disarticulation prostheses
        • Below-elbow prostheses
        • Elbow disarticulation and above-elbow prostheses
        • Shoulder disarticulation and interscapular/forequarter prostheses
      • Lower Extremity Prostheses
        • Partial-foot prostheses
        • Syme ankle disarticulation prostheses
        • Transtibial (below-knee) prostheses
        • Knee disarticulation and transfemoral (above-knee) prostheses
        • Hip disarticulation and hemipelvectomy prostheses
    • Overview of Limb Prosthetics
      • Goals
      • Amputation rehabilitation team
      • Amputations
      • Preparing the patient
      • Postoperative management and complications
      • References
    Medical Aspects of Travel
    • Air Travel
      • Barometric pressure changes
      • Children
      • Jet lag (circadian dysrhythmia)
      • Decreased oxygen tension
      • Low cabin humidity
      • Motion sickness
      • Pregnancy
      • Psychologic stress
      • Restricted mobility
      • Turbulence
      • Other issues
      • References
      • More Information
    • Foreign Travel
      • Vaccinations
      • COVID-19
      • Dengue
      • Influenza
      • Malaria
      • Schistosomiasis
      • Traveler’s diarrhea
      • Injury and death
      • Problems after returning home
      • More Information
    Medicolegal Issues
    • Capacity (Competence) and Incapacity
      • Clinical capacity
      • Legal capacity
      • References
      • More Information
    • Informed Consent
      • References
    • Consent and Surrogate Decision Making
      • Children
      • Adults
      • Scope of patient choice
      • Reference
    • Confidentiality and HIPAA
      • Access to medical records
      • Notice of privacy practices
      • Limits on use of protected health information (PHI)
      • Marketing
      • Confidential communications
      • Complaints
      • Reference
      • More Information
    • Advance Directives
      • Living will
      • Durable power of attorney for health care
      • Reference
    • Do-Not-Resuscitate (DNR) Orders and Portable Medical Orders
      • Portable Medical Orders
    • Medical Malpractice
      • Licensing
      • More Information
    Nonspecific Symptoms
    • Fatigue
      • References
      • Etiology
        • Etiology references
      • Evaluation
        • History
        • Physical examination
        • Red flags
        • Interpretation of findings
        • Testing
      • Treatment
        • Treatment reference
      • Geriatrics Essentials
      • Key Points
    • Involuntary Weight Loss
      • References
      • Pathophysiology
      • Etiology
      • Evaluation
        • History
        • Physical examination
        • Red flags
        • Interpretation of findings
        • Testing
        • Evaluation references
      • Treatment
        • Treatment reference
      • Geriatrics Essentials
      • Key Points
    Principles of Radiologic Imaging
    • Angiography
      • Uses of Angiography
      • Variations of Angiography
        • Digital subtraction angiography
      • Disadvantages of Angiography
    • Computed Tomography (CT)
      • Uses of CT
      • Variations of CT
        • Virtual colonoscopy and CT enterography
        • CT IV pyelography (CT IVP) or CT urography
        • CT angiography
      • Disadvantages of CT
    • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
      • Uses of MRI
        • Contrast agents
      • Variations of MRI
        • Diffusion (diffusion-weighted) MRI
        • Echo planar imaging
        • Functional MRI
        • Gradient echo imaging
        • Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)
        • Magnetic resonance enterography
        • Perfusion MRI
        • Positron emission tomography (PET)–MRI
      • Disadvantages of MRI
        • Magnetic field
        • Claustrophobia
        • Contrast reactions
        • References
    • Conventional Radiography
      • Uses of Conventional Radiography
      • Variations of Conventional Radiography
        • Contrast studies
        • Fluoroscopy
      • Disadvantages of Conventional Radiography
    • Radionuclide Scanning
      • Uses of Radionuclide Scanning
      • Variations of Radionuclide Scanning
        • Single-photon emission CT (SPECT)
      • Disadvantages of Radionuclide Scanning
        • Reference
    • Ultrasound
      • Uses of Ultrasound
      • Variations of Ultrasound
        • A-mode
        • B-mode (gray-scale)
        • M-mode
        • Doppler
      • Disadvantages of Ultrasound
    • Risks of Medical Radiation
      • Radiation and cancer
      • Radiation during pregnancy
      • Recommendations
      • References
    • Radiographic Contrast Agents and Contrast Reactions
      • Allergic-type contrast reactions
      • Contrast nephropathy
      • Lactic acidosis
      • References
    • Mammography
      • Variations of mammography
      • Reference
    • Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
      • Uses of PET
      • Variations of PET
        • PET-CT
      • Disadvantages of PET
    Illicit Drugs and Intoxicants
    • Injection Drug Use
      • Complications
        • Adulterants
        • Infectious agents
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    • Drug Testing
      • False results
    • Body Packing and Body Stuffing
      • Body packing
      • Body stuffing
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    • Alcohol Toxicity and Withdrawal
      • General reference
      • Pathophysiology
        • Chronic effects
        • Special populations
        • Pathophysiology reference
      • Symptoms and Signs
        • Acute effects
        • Toxicity or overdose
        • Chronic effects
        • Withdrawal
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
        • Toxicity or overdose
        • Withdrawal
        • Treatment reference
    • Sedatives
      • Pathophysiology
        • Chronic effects
        • Pregnancy
        • Pathophysiology reference
      • Symptoms and Signs
        • Acute toxicity or overdose
        • Withdrawal
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
        • Toxicity or overdose
        • Withdrawal and detoxification
        • Treatment reference
      • More Information
    • Marijuana (Cannabis)
      • Pathophysiology
        • Chronic effects
      • Symptoms and Signs
        • Acute effects
        • Chronic effects
        • Withdrawal
        • Symptoms and signs references
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
      • More Information
    • Amphetamines
      • Pathophysiology
        • Chronic effects
      • Symptoms and Signs
        • Acute effects
        • Toxicity or overdose
        • Chronic effects
        • Withdrawal
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
        • Toxicity or overdose
        • Withdrawal and rehabilitation
      • More Information
    • Hallucinogens
      • Pathophysiology
      • Symptoms and Signs
        • Chronic effects
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
      • More Information
    • Volatile Nitrites
    • Volatile Solvents
      • Symptoms and Signs
        • Acute effects
        • Chronic effects
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
      • More Information
    • Gamma Hydroxybutyrate
      • Symptoms and Signs
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    • Alcohol Use Disorder and Rehabilitation
      • General reference
      • Etiology
        • Genetic factors
      • Symptoms and Signs
      • Diagnosis
        • Screening
      • Treatment
        • Maintenance
      • More Information
    • Cannabinoids, Synthetic
      • Symptoms and Signs
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    • Cathinones
      • Pathophysiology
      • Symptoms and Signs
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    • Ketamine and Phencyclidine (PCP)
      • Symptoms and Signs
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
      • More Information
    • Korsakoff Psychosis
      • Symptoms and Signs
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    • Marchiafava-Bignami Disease
    • Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)
      • Symptoms and Signs
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
      • More Information
    • Opioid Toxicity and Withdrawal
      • Pathophysiology
        • Chronic effects
        • Pregnancy
      • Symptoms and Signs
        • Acute effects
        • Toxicity or overdose
        • Withdrawal
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
        • Toxicity or overdose
        • Withdrawal and detoxification
      • More Information
    • Opioid Use Disorder and Rehabilitation
      • Opioid use disorder
      • Treatment
        • Maintenance
        • Support
      • More Information
    • Wernicke Encephalopathy
      • Symptoms and Signs
      • Diagnosis
      • Prognosis
      • Treatment
    • Vaping
      • Ingredients
      • Complications of vaping
      • Reference
    • Cocaine
      • General reference
      • Pathophysiology
        • Pregnancy
      • Symptoms and Signs
        • Acute effects
        • Toxicity or overdose
        • Chronic effects
        • Withdrawal
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
        • Toxicity or overdose
        • Abuse
      • More Information
    • Other Commonly Abused Substances
      • Diuretics
      • Erythropoietin and Darbepoetin
      • Growth Hormone
      • Ipecac Syrup
      • Laxatives
      • More Information
    Rehabilitation
    • Overview of Rehabilitation
      • Referral
      • Goals of rehabilitation
      • Patient and caregiver issues
      • Geriatric Rehabilitation
    • Physical Therapy (PT)
      • Range of motion
      • Strength and conditioning
      • Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation
      • Coordination exercises
      • Ambulation exercises
      • Transfer training
      • References
    • Occupational Therapy (OT)
      • Evaluation
      • Interventions
      • References
    • Speech Therapy
    • Therapeutic and Assistive Devices
    • Rehabilitative Measures for Treatment of Pain and Inflammation
      • Heat
      • Low-level laser therapy
      • Ultrasound
      • Cold
      • Electrical stimulation
      • Cervical traction
      • Massage
      • Acupuncture
      • References
    • Cardiovascular Rehabilitation
      • Reference
    • Stroke Rehabilitation
      • Hemiplegia
      • Ambulation training
      • Spasticity
      • Spasticity reference
      • Hemianopia
      • Occupational therapy after stroke
    • Leg Amputation Rehabilitation
      • Residual Limb Conditioning and Prostheses
        • Care of the residual limb and prosthesis
      • Complications
    • Hip Surgery Rehabilitation
    • Rehabilitation for Other Disorders
      • Arthritis
      • Blindness
      • Brain injury
      • Chronic pain
      • COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)
      • Critical illness polyneuropathy
      • Foot drop
      • Spinal cord injury
      • Reference
    Sexuality
    • Sexuality
      • Sex and Sexual Identity
      • Developmental Aspects of Sexuality
      • Societal Attitudes About Sex and Sexuality
        • Masturbation
        • Homosexuality
        • Extramarital sex
      • Role of the Health Care Professional
      • References
    Tobacco Use
    • Smoking and Other Tobacco Use
      • Epidemiology
        • Cigarettes
        • Other tobacco and nicotine products
        • Epidemiology references
      • Pathophysiology
        • Chronic effects of smoking
        • Secondhand smoke
        • Indirect effects of smoking
        • Pathophysiology references
      • Symptoms and Signs
        • Acute effects
        • Toxicity or overdose
        • Chronic effects
        • Withdrawal
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
      • Prevention
        • Prevention references
      • Key Points
      • More Information
    • Smoking Cessation
      • Reference
      • Nicotine Withdrawal
      • Interventions
        • Evidence-based counseling
        • Medications for smoking cessation
        • Medication safety
        • E-cigarettes and smoking cessation
        • Cessation in children
        • Cessation of non-cigarette tobacco products
        • Interventions references
      • Prognosis
        • Prognosis references
      • Key Points
      • More Information
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