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  • Abdominal Pain, Acute
  • Abdominal pain, Chronic
  • Alopecia
  • Amenorrhea
  • Amnesia
  • Anosmia
  • Bleeding, Excessive
  • Breast Lumps
  • Chest Pain
  • Constipation in Adults
  • Constipation in Children
  • Cough in Adults
  • Cough in Children
  • Crying
  • Diarrhea in Adults
  • Diarrhea in Children
  • Diplopia
  • Dizziness
  • Dry Mouth
  • Dysmenorrhea
  • Dyspepsia
  • Dysphagia
  • Dyspnea
  • Dysuria
  • Earache
  • Ear Discharge
  • Edema
  • Edema During Late Pregnancy
  • Epistaxis
  • Erectile dysfunction
  • Eyelid Swelling
  • Eye Pain
  • Fever
  • Fever, Acute, in Adults
  • Fever, Chronic (FUO)
  • Fever in Infants and Children
  • Floaters
  • Gas
  • Gastrointestinal Bleeding
  • Halitosis
  • Headache
  • Hearing Loss
  • Hearing Loss: Sudden Deafness
  • Hematospermia
  • Hematuria
  • Hemoptysis
  • Hiccups
  • Hirsutism
  • Insomnia and Excessive Daytime Sleepiness
  • Itching
  • Itching, Anal
  • Jaundice in Adults
  • Jaundice in Neonates
  • Joint Pain, Monarticular
  • Joint Pain, Polyarticular
  • Knee pain
  • Lump in Throat
  • Nasal Congestion and Rhinorrhea
  • Nausea and Vomiting During Early pPregnancy
  • Nausea and Vomiting in Adults
  • Nausea and Vomiting in Infants and Children
  • Neck and Back Pain
  • Neck Mass
  • Nipple Discharge
  • Orthostatis Hypotension
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  • Pain, Chronic
  • Palpitations
  • Pelvic Pain
  • Pelvic Pain During Early Pregnancy
  • Polyuria
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  • Red Eye
  • Scrotal Pain
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  • Urinary Frequency
  • Urinary Incontinence in Adults
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  • Urinary Retention
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  • Vaginal Bleeding During Early Pregnancy
  • Vaginal Bleeding During Late Pregnancy
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  • Vision, Blurred
  • Vision Loss, Acute
  • Weakness, Generalized
  • Wheezing
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Sections in Health Care Professionals
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  • Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders
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  • Eye Disorders
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  • Genitourinary Disorders
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  • Gynecology and Obstetrics
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  • Merck Manual
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  • Genitourinary Disorders
 
Genitourinary Disorders
Approach to the Genitourinary Patient
expand / collapse Evaluation of the Renal Patient
History
expand / collapse Physical Examination
Chest examination
Abdominal examination
Skin examination
Neurologic examination
expand / collapseTesting
Urinalysis
Microscopic analysis
Other urine tests
Blood tests
expand / collapse Evaluating Kidney Function
GFR
Creatinine clearance
Estimating creatinine clearance
expand / collapseEvaluation of the Urologic Patient
History
expand / collapse Physical Examination
Costovertebral angle
Abdomen
Rectum
Groin and genitals
Testing
Symptoms of Genitourinary Disorders
expand / collapse Dysuria
Pathophysiology
Etiology
expand / collapseEvaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
Treatment
Key Points
expand / collapse Hematospermia
Pathophysiology
Etiology
expand / collapseEvaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
Treatment
Key Points
expand / collapse Isolated Hematuria
Pathophysiology
Etiology
expand / collapseEvaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
Treatment
Key Points
expand / collapse Polyuria
Pathophysiology
Etiology
expand / collapseEvaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
Treatment
Key Points
expand / collapse Priapism
expand / collapsePathophysiology
Ischemic priapism
Nonischemic priapism
Etiology
expand / collapseEvaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
expand / collapseTreatment
Ischemic priapism
Stuttering priapism
Nonischemic priapism
Refractory priapism
Key Points
expand / collapse Proteinuria
expand / collapsePathophysiology
Consequences
Etiology
expand / collapseEvaluation
History and physical examination
Testing
Treatment
expand / collapse Painless Scrotal Mass
Etiology
expand / collapseEvaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
Treatment
Key Points
expand / collapse Scrotal Pain
Etiology
expand / collapseEvaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
Treatment
Geriatrics Essentials
Key Points
expand / collapse Urinary Frequency
Pathophysiology
Etiology
expand / collapseEvaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
Treatment
Geriatrics Essentials
Key Points
Genitourinary Tests and Procedures
expand / collapse Genitourinary Imaging Tests
Plain X-Rays Without Contrast
expand / collapse X-Rays With Use of Contrast
IVU (IV urography or pyelography)
Percutaneous anterograde urography
Retrograde urography
Cystourethrography
Angiography
Ultrasonography
Computed Tomography
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Radionuclide Scanning
expand / collapseGenitourinary Procedures
expand / collapse Bladder Catheterization
Catheters
Urethral catheterization
Suprapubic catheterization
Cystoscopy
expand / collapseBiopsy
Renal biopsy
Bladder biopsy
Prostate biopsy
Urethral Dilation
Male Reproductive Endocrinology and Related Disorders
expand / collapseMale Reproductive Endocrinology
Physiology
Sexual Differentiation, Adrenarche, and Puberty
Effects of Aging
expand / collapse Male Hypogonadism
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
expand / collapseDiagnosis
Diagnosis of primary and secondary hypogonadism
Evaluation of secondary hypogonadism
expand / collapseTreatment
Testosterone replacement therapy (TRT)
Treatment of infertility due to hypogonadism
Key Points
expand / collapse Gynecomastia
Pathophysiology
Etiology
expand / collapseEvaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
Treatment
Key Points
Male Sexual Dysfunction
expand / collapseOverview of Male Sexual Function
Libido
Erection
expand / collapse Ejaculation and Orgasm
Ejaculatory dysfunction
Premature ejaculation
expand / collapse Erectile Dysfunction
Etiology
Diagnosis
expand / collapseTreatment
Drugs
Mechanical devices
Surgery
Key Points
Voiding Disorders
Overview of Voiding
expand / collapse Urinary Incontinence in Adults
Types
expand / collapseEtiology
Transient incontinence
Established incontinence
expand / collapseEvaluation
History
Physical examination
Testing
expand / collapseTreatment
General measures
Bladder training
Kegel exercises
Drugs
Urge incontinence
Stress incontinence
Overflow incontinence
Refractory incontinence
Key Points
expand / collapse Urinary Retention
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
expand / collapse Neurogenic Bladder
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
expand / collapse Interstitial Cystitis
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Obstructive Uropathy
expand / collapseObstructive Uropathy
Etiology
expand / collapsePathophysiology
Obstructive nephropathy
Symptoms and Signs
expand / collapseDiagnosis
Evaluation of suspected urethral obstruction
Evaluation of ureteral or more proximal obstruction
Evaluation of hydronephrosis without apparent obstruction
Prognosis
Treatment
Key Points
Urinary Calculi
expand / collapseUrinary Calculi
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
expand / collapseDiagnosis
Urinalysis
Imaging tests
Identifying the cause
expand / collapseTreatment
Analgesia
Facilitating calculus passage
Calculus removal
Calculus dissolution
Prevention
Key Points
Urinary Tract Infections (UTI)
Introduction to Urinary Tract Infections
expand / collapse Bacterial Urinary Tract Infections
Pathophysiology
Etiology
expand / collapseClassification
Urethritis
Cystitis
Acute urethral syndrome
Asymptomatic bacteruria
Acute pyelonephritis
Symptoms and Signs
expand / collapseDiagnosis
Urine collection
Urine testing
Infection localization
Other testing
expand / collapseTreatment
Urethritis
Cystitis
Acute urethral syndrome
Asymptomatic bacteriuria
Acute pyelonephritis
Prevention
expand / collapse Bacterial Urinary Tract Infections in Patients with Indwelling Bladder Catheters
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
expand / collapse Chronic Pyelonephritis
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
expand / collapse Fungal Urinary Tract Infections
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Cystic Kidney Disease
Overview of Cystic Kidney Disease
expand / collapseAcquired Renal Cysts
Solitary cysts
Multiple cysts
Congenital Renal Cystic Dysplasia
expand / collapse Medullary Sponge Kidney
Diagnosis
Treatment
expand / collapse Nephronophthisis and Medullary Cystic Kidney Disease Complex
expand / collapseNephronophthisis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Medullary cystic kidney disease
expand / collapseAutosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD)
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Acute Kidney Injury
expand / collapse Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)
expand / collapseEtiology
Urine output
Symptoms and Signs
expand / collapse Diagnosis
Determination of cause
Imaging
Prognosis
expand / collapseTreatment
Emergency treatment
General measures
Prevention
Key Points
Chronic Kidney Disease
expand / collapse Chronic Kidney Disease
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
expand / collapseDiagnosis
Classification
Prognosis
expand / collapseTreatment
Nutrition
Fluid and electrolytes
Anemia and coagulation disorders
Heart failure
Drugs
Dialysis
Transplantation
Key Points
Renal Replacement Therapy
Overview of Renal Replacement Therapy
expand / collapse Hemodialysis
Vascular access
Vascular access complications
Dialysis complications
Prognosis
Continuous Hemofiltration and Hemodialysis
expand / collapse Peritoneal Dialysis
Access
Complications
Prognosis
expand / collapse Medical Aspects of Long-Term Renal Replacement Therapy
Diet
Anemia of renal failure
Coronary artery disease
Hyperphosphatemia
Hypocalcemia and secondary hyperparathyroidism
Aluminum toxicity
Bone disease
Vitamin deficiencies
Calciphylaxis
Constipation
Glomerular Disorders
Overview of Glomerular Disorders
Overview of Nephritic Syndrome
expand / collapse Hereditary Nephritis
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
expand / collapse Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy (IgA Nephropathy)
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
expand / collapseTreatment
Angiotensin inhibition
Corticosteroids and immunosuppressants
Other treatments
Key Points
expand / collapse Postinfectious Glomerulonephritis
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Key Points
expand / collapse Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis (RPGN)
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Key Points
Thin Basement Membrane Disease
expand / collapse Overview of Nephrotic Syndrome
Etiology
expand / collapsePathophysiology
Complications
Symptoms and Signs
expand / collapseDiagnosis
Urine testing
Adjunctive testing
Secondary causes
Prognosis
expand / collapseTreatment
Causative disorder
Proteinuria
Edema
Hyperlipidemia
Hypercoagulability
Infection risk
Nephrectomy
Key Points
expand / collapse Congenital Nephrotic Syndromes
Diffuse mesangial sclerosis
Finnish-type nephrotic syndrome
Other syndromes
expand / collapse Diabetic Nephropathy
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
expand / collapseDiagnosis
Urinary protein
Screening
Prognosis
Treatment
Key Points
expand / collapse Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
expand / collapseTreatment
Immunosuppressive therapy
Key Points
expand / collapse HIV-Associated Nephropathy
Diagnosis
Treatment
expand / collapse Membranous Nephropathy
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
expand / collapseTreatment
Immunosuppressive therapy
Key Points
expand / collapse Minimal Change Disease
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
expand / collapse Fibrillary and Immunotactoid Glomerulopathies
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
expand / collapse Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Key Points
expand / collapse Lupus Nephritis
expand / collapsePathophysiology
Antiphospholipid syndrome nephropathy (APLS)
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
expand / collapseTreatment
Immunosuppression
Other treatments
Key Points
Tubulointerstitial Diseases
expand / collapseOverview of Tubulointerstitial Diseases
Pathophysiology
expand / collapse Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN)
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Prevention
Key Points
expand / collapse Contrast Nephropathy
Risk factors
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Key Points
expand / collapse Tubulointerstitial Nephritis
expand / collapseEtiology
Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis (ATIN)
Chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis (CTIN)
expand / collapseSymptoms and Signs
ATIN
CTIN
expand / collapseDiagnosis
ATIN
CTIN
Prognosis
Treatment
Key Points
Analgesic Nephropathy
expand / collapse Metabolic Nephropathies
Acute urate nephropathy
Chronic urate nephropathy
Hyperoxaluria
Hypercalcemia
Chronic hypokalemia
expand / collapse Heavy Metal Nephropathy
Lead
Cadmium
Other heavy metals
expand / collapse Reflux Nephropathy
Symptoms and Signs
expand / collapseDiagnosis
Prenatal diagnosis
Postnatal diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
expand / collapse Myeloma-Related Kidney Disease
Tubulointerstitial disease
Glomerulopathies
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Key Points
Renal Transport Abnormalities
Introduction to Renal Transport Abnormalities
expand / collapse Fanconi Syndrome
expand / collapseEtiology
Hereditary Fanconi syndrome
Acquired Fanconi syndrome
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
expand / collapse Liddle Syndrome
Diagnosis
Treatment
expand / collapse Pseudohypoaldosteronism Type I
Diagnosis
Treatment
expand / collapse Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus
expand / collapseEtiology
Inherited NDI
Acquired NDI
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Renal Glucosuria
expand / collapse Renal Tubular Acidosis (RTA)
Type 1 (distal) RTA
Type 2 (proximal) RTA
Type 4 (generalized) RTA
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
expand / collapseTreatment
Type 1 RTA
Type 2 RTA
Type 4 RTA
Key Points
Renovascular Disorders
expand / collapse Benign Hypertensive Arteriolar Nephrosclerosis
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
expand / collapse Renal Artery Stenosis and Occlusion
expand / collapseEtiology
Acute occlusion
Chronic progressive stenosis
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
expand / collapseTreatment
Acute renal artery occlusion
Chronic progressive renal artery stenosis
Renovascular hypertension
expand / collapse Renal Atheroembolism
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
expand / collapse Renal Cortical Necrosis
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
expand / collapse Renal Vein Thrombosis
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Penile and Scrotal Disorders
expand / collapse Balanitis, Posthitis, and Balanoposthitis
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
expand / collapse Cutaneous Penile Lesions
Balanitis xerotica obliterans
Carcinoma in situ
Penile lichen planus
Pearly penile papules
Contact dermatitis of the penis
expand / collapse Epididymitis
expand / collapseEtiology
Bacterial
Nonbacterial
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
expand / collapse Orchitis
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
expand / collapse Peyronie Disease
Treatment
expand / collapse Phimosis and Paraphimosis
Phimosis
Paraphimosis
expand / collapse Testicular Torsion
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
expand / collapse Urethral Stricture
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Benign Prostate Disease
expand / collapse Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
expand / collapseTreatment
Urinary retention
Drug therapy
Surgery
Other procedures
Key Points
expand / collapse Prostatitis
Etiology
Classification
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
expand / collapseTreatment
Acute bacterial prostatitis
Chronic bacterial prostatitis
Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome
Asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis
Key Points
expand / collapse Prostate Abscess
Diagnosis
Treatment
Genitourinary Cancer
expand / collapse Bladder Cancer
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
expand / collapseTreatment
Superficial cancers
Invasive cancers
Metastatic and recurrent cancers
Metastatic Renal Cancer
expand / collapse Penile Cancer
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
expand / collapse Prostate Cancer
Symptoms and Signs
expand / collapseDiagnosis
Screening
Grading and staging
Prognosis
expand / collapseTreatment
Active surveillance
Definitive therapies
Palliative therapies
expand / collapse Renal Cell Carcinoma
Symptoms and Signs
expand / collapseDiagnosis
Staging
Prognosis
expand / collapseTreatment
Curative treatments
Palliative treatments
expand / collapse Renal Pelvic and Ureteral Cancers
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
expand / collapse Testicular Cancer
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
expand / collapseTreatment
Radiation therapy
Lymph node dissection
Chemotherapy
Supportive measures
Surveillance
Recurrences
expand / collapse Urethral Cancer
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
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